·论著·

FET周期中Day 5非优质囊胚和Day 6优质囊胚的妊娠及围产期结局比较

季悦 叶晓萍 陈瑞欣 王珊珊

【摘要】 目的 探究在冻融胚胎移植(FET)周期中Day 5非优质单囊胚移植和Day 6优质单囊胚移植对临床妊娠及围产期结局的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2017年1月1日至2022年6月30日于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院生殖医学科FET周期中行单囊胚移植患者的临床资料(n=1 991),根据胚胎移植时期分为:Day 5非优质单囊胚移植组(n=1 083)和Day 6优质单囊胚移植组(n=908),分析比较两组的临床妊娠率、流产率、活产率、早产率、性别比和新生儿体重等,并对年龄进行亚组分析。 结果 Day 5非优质单囊胚移植组和Day 6优质单囊胚移植组患者的临床妊娠率(49.0%与51.1%)、流产率(20.3%与24.4%)、活产率(39.1%与38.7%)、早产率(10.6%与14.5%)和新生儿体重[(3 381.1±505.6)g与(3 502.1±1 845.0)g]均无统计学差异,在新生儿性别比中存在统计学差异(1.1与1.5,P <0.05),Day 6优质单囊胚移植组中出生的男性新生儿比例显著高于Day 5非优质单囊胚移植组。同时,经年龄分层后发现对于年龄 <35岁患者,Day 5非优质单囊胚移植组的流产率显著低于Day 6优质单囊胚移植组(18.5%与24.7%,P <0.05),临床妊娠率和活产率无统计学差异;对于年龄≥35岁的患者,两组患者的临床妊娠率、流产率和活产率均无统计学差异。 结论 在FET周期中Day 5非优质单囊胚移植和Day 6优质单囊胚移植的临床结局无统计学差异,但Day 6优质单囊胚移植可能会有新生儿性别比失衡的风险,并且对于较年轻的患者,移植Day 6囊胚可能会导致流产率的增加。

【关键词】 冻融胚胎移植; 单囊胚移植; 优质囊胚; 非优质囊胚; 妊娠结局

随着辅助生殖技术的发展,玻璃化冷冻已广泛应用于胚胎保存。根据中华医学会生殖医学分会(Chinese society of reproductive medicine,CSRM)数据显示,中国2019年的全胚冷冻率为50.68%[1],冻融胚胎移植(frozen embryo transfer,FET)能够更好地改善胚胎与子宫内膜的同步性。囊胚移植相比较于卵裂期胚胎移植具有更高的种植率,提高妊娠率的同时可以进一步降低多胎妊娠率和母婴并发症的风险[2]。《人类体外受精-胚胎移植实验室操作专家共识(2016)》认为Day 5和Day 6形成的囊胚均可进行移植或冷冻,Day 5的囊胚着床率高于Day 6的囊胚[3]。Bourdon等人[4]的一项Meta分析显示,Day 5囊胚具有比Day 6囊胚更高的临床妊娠率和活产率。因此,在临床实践中,同等质量下的Day 5囊胚通常优先于Day 6囊胚进行移植。然而,囊胚的形态学分级对妊娠结果也至关重要[5],对于Day 5仅存有非优质的囊胚而Day 6存在优质囊胚可用的患者,如何选择仍有争议。为选择合适的胚胎移植策略,帮助患者缩短到达妊娠时间(Time to pregnancy,TTP),本研究回顾性分析本中心1991例冻融周期单囊胚移植患者的周期资料,探究对比Day 5非优质囊胚和Day 6优质囊胚的临床结局,为临床实施单囊胚冻融移植策略提供进一步参考。

对象与方法

一、研究对象

回顾性分析2017年1月1日至2022年6月30日在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院生殖医学科行单囊胚FET患者的临床资料,根据患者冷冻囊胚的质量,在FET周期中依次解冻,分为Day 5非优质单囊胚移植组(n=1 083)和Day 6优质单囊胚移植组(n=908)。纳入标准:(1)单囊胚FET周期;(2)女方年龄<40周岁;(3)移植日内膜厚度≥8 mm。排除标准:(1)PGT周期,供卵周期;(2)合并子宫内膜异位症、子宫肌瘤或免疫性不孕等影响胚胎种植的疾病;(3)患有全身系统性疾病的患者等。

二、研究方法

1.胚胎培养与囊胚评估:按照本中心常规促排卵方案及体外受精流程,将Day 3移植或冷冻后的剩余胚胎转移至含有G2的囊胚培养液(Vitrolife,Sweden)中继续培养至Day 5或Day 6。依据Gardner评分标准[6]进行囊胚评估,根据囊胚质量对扩张等级≥4级,内细胞团和滋养层评分不同时为C的囊胚(AA、AB、BA、BB、AC、BC、CA和CB)进行玻璃化冷冻。本中心优质囊胚的定义为扩张等级≥4级,同时内细胞团和滋养层质量均在B级以上者(即AA、AB、BA和BB),非优质囊胚的定义为扩张等级≥4级,囊胚质量为AC、BC、CA和CB。

2.囊胚冷冻与复苏:将待冷冻的囊胚行激光辅助孵化,待囊胚腔皱缩后转移至平衡液ES(KITAZATO,日本)中静置10~12 min后,于玻璃化冷冻液VS(KITAZATO,日本)中充分洗涤后转移至冷冻载杆,载杆前端完全浸入液氮,洗涤至入液氮的操作于60 s内完成。囊胚复苏:将待复苏囊胚依次置于复苏液TS、DS、WS、WS(KITAZATO,日本)中,分别1 min、3 min、5 min、1 min,最后转移至含有G2囊胚培养液(Vitrolife,Sweden)的培养皿中,行激光辅助孵化后于37℃、6%CO2和5%O2的培养箱内培养2 h等待移植。

3.内膜准备及囊胚移植:子宫内膜准备采用人工激素替代周期,即月经第2天开始服用芬吗通(雅培,荷兰)(雌二醇片,2 mg,每日3次),12至14 d后进行血清雌孕激素检测以及阴道超声检查,若子宫内膜厚度<8 mm,芬吗通增量至8 mg/d,4至6 d后复查,子宫内膜≥ 8 mm且血清孕激素水平<1 ng/mL时,开始改为服用芬吗通(雌二醇/地屈孕酮片,2 mg/10 mg,每日3次),同时黄体酮注射液(浙江仙琚)60 mg/d肌肉注射进行子宫内膜转化,第6日进行囊胚解冻移植。移植后继续服用芬吗通(雌二醇/地屈孕酮片,2 mg/10 mg,每日3次)联合黄体酮凝胶(默克雪兰诺,瑞士)阴道用药(90 mg,每日1次)进行常规雌孕激素支持。4~6周后超声下见妊娠囊为临床妊娠,并于孕早晚期、分娩时、分娩后两个月内对围产期结局相关指标进行随访(包括流产率、单卵双胎率、活产率、早产率、孕周、新生儿性别比、身长、体重等)。

三、统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0进行数据分析统计。计量资料均符合正态分布,采用均值 ± 标准差表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料用率或构成比(%)表示,两组间比较采用卡方检验;多因素分析采用二分类Logistic回归模型分析。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

结 果

一、两组患者一般情况比较

共有1 991例FET周期患者纳入统计,根据移植时期和胚胎质量分为Day 5非优质囊胚组(n=1 083)和Day 6优质囊胚组(n=908),两组患者的一般资料均无统计学差异。见表1。

表1 两组患者一般情况比较例(%)]

Table 1 Comparison of Baseline Characteristics Between the Two Groups

VariablesLow-gradegroupinDay5(n=1083)High-gradegroupinDay6(n=908)Age(years)31.2±3.931.1±3.8BMI22.9±3.723.1±3.3DurationofInfertility(years)3.4±2.43.5±2.5PrimaryInfertilityRatio577(53.3)52.6(478)EndometrialThicknessBeforeTransfer(mm)9.9±1.69.8±1.6CausesofInfertility Pelvic/TubalFactor744(68.7)609(67.1) OvulatoryDisorder217(20.0)173(19.1) MaleFactor98(9.0)105(11.6) Unexplained24(2.2)21(2.3)NumberofEmbryoTransfers First564(52.1)502(55.3) Second273(25.2)203(22.4) ≥3Times246(22.7)203(22.4)

二、两组患者的临床妊娠及围产期结局比较

两组患者的临床妊娠率、异位妊娠率、流产率、单卵双胎率、活产率、早产率、新生儿体重均无统计学差异,但Day 5非优质囊胚组的出生男婴比例显著低于Day 6优质囊胚组(1.1与1.5,P <0.05)。见表2。

表2 两组患者的临床妊娠及围产期结局比较

Table 2 Comparison of Clinical Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes Between Groups

VariablesLow-gradegroupinDay5(n=1083)High-gradegroupinDay6(n=908)ClinicalPregnancyRate(%)49.0(531/1083)51.1(464/908)EctopicPregnancyRate(%)0.6(3/531)0.2(1/464)MiscarriageRate(%)20.3(108/531)24.4(113/464)MonochorionicTwinningRate(%)1.9(10/531)1.1(5/464)LiveBirthRate(%)39.1(423/1083)38.7(351/908)PretermBirthRate(%)10.6(45/423)14.5(51/351)GestationalAge(weeks)38.3±1.938.3±2.0SexRatio(Male/Female)1.1(223/200)∗1.5(210/141)BirthWeight(g)3381.1±505.63502.1±1845.0BirthLength(cm)49.8±1.949.7±2.3

Note:Compared with Day 6 high-quality blastocyst group,*P<0.05

三、影响FET临床妊娠率的多因素分析

经Logistic多重回归分析,女方年龄对FET的临床妊娠率有显著影响(P <0.05)。女方BMI、不孕年限、移植日子宫内膜厚度、胚胎移植时期对FET的临床妊娠率均无显著影响(P >0.05)。见表3。

表3 影响FET临床妊娠率的多因素分析

Table 3 Multivariate Analysis of Factors Affecting Clinical Pregnancy Rate in FET

VariablesβWaldPOR95%CIAge(years)-0.03 5.160.020.970.95-1.00BMI<0.01<0.010.971.000.97-1.03DurationofInfertility(years)-0.02 0.790.370.980.95-1.02EndometrialThickness(mm) 0.05 2.660.101.050.99-1.11EmbryoTransferStage-0.07 0.500.480.940.78-1.12

四、年龄分组后的临床结局比较

女方年龄<35岁的患者Day 5非优质囊胚组的流产率显著低于Day 6优质囊胚组,其余指标无统计学差异。见表4。

表4 年龄分组后的临床结局比较(%)

Table 4 Comparison of Clinical Outcomes by Age(%)

GroupClinicalPregnancyRateMiscarriageRateLiveBirthRate<35yearslow-gradegroupinDay550.9(432/849)18.5(80/432)∗541.5(352/849)<35yearshigh-gradegroupinDay6552.8(385/729)24.7(95/385)539.8(290/729)≥35yearslow-gradegroupinDay542.3(99/234)28.3(28/99)30.3(71/234)≥35yearshigh-gradegroupinDay644.1(79/179)22.8(18/79)34.1(61/179)

Note:Comparedto <35-year-old high-quality blastocyst group in Day 6,*P<0.05

讨 论

随着玻璃化冷冻和单囊胚移植技术的普及,选择具有更高植入潜力的胚胎至关重要。多项研究结果表明,在FET周期中移植同等质量的囊胚,Day 5的囊胚通常比Day 6获得更好的临床结局,同时优质囊胚的妊娠结局明显高于非优质囊胚[4-5]。在FET的临床实践中,对于Day 5仅存有非优质囊胚而Day 6存在优质囊胚可用的患者,如何进行胚胎的选择尚无定论。本研究结果提示移植Day 5非优质囊胚和Day 6优质囊胚的临床结局相似,但移植Day 6优质囊胚可能会造成性别比偏倚的风险,并且对于年龄<35岁的人群,Day 6优质囊胚组的流产率显著高于Day 5非优质囊胚组。

出生性别比(secondary sex ratio,SSR)一般定义为活产男婴与女婴的比值,常用于指示人口健康和生育率的指标。本研究结果显示,移植Day 6优质囊胚会显著增加出生男婴的比例。这与Lou等人的研究结果一致[7],移植高质量囊胚的性别比明显高于低质量的囊胚(60%与49.7%,P<0.01)。Ebner等人[8]的研究认为这种性别比的失衡可能与滋养层细胞的分级有关,出生后为男婴的囊胚获得滋养层质量评分为A的几率是出生后为女婴囊胚的2.53倍。Mao等人[9]认为这可能是由于男性囊胚比女性囊胚滋养层细胞(TE)数目更多,形态学评分更好,并且由于TE分化产生胎盘部分,因此与男性囊胚相比,女性囊胚发生滋养层功能异常的概率可能更高,导致植入和进一步发育的潜力降低。

年龄是影响FET妊娠结局的重要指标,本研究同样提示,年龄是影响FET妊娠结局的独立危险因素,在对年龄分层分析后发现,对于较年轻的患者,Day 6移植会显著增加流产率,这可能与Day 6囊胚的整倍体率较低有关。Tong等人对行胚胎植入前遗传学测试(PGT)的2 531枚囊胚的研究显示[10],Day 5囊胚的整倍体率显著高于Day 6囊胚,但是对于≥38岁的高龄患者,因为延长体外培养时间而导致的整倍体率的差异并不明显,这可能与高龄女性卵子质量下降有关。He等人[11]的研究结果发现,对于高龄的患者Day 5非优质囊胚临床妊娠率显著高于Day 6优质囊胚(46.1%与33.2%,P<0.05),因此对于高龄患者仍然推荐移植Day 5的非优质囊胚。

Bourdon等人[4]的一项Meta分析显示,Day 5囊胚具有比Day 6囊胚更高的临床妊娠率和活产率。Ferreux等人的研究[12]发现优质Day 6囊胚的活产率为18.7%,低于Day 5非优质囊胚的23.5%。据报道,发育进程较慢的胚胎与染色体异常有关,这可能是造成Day 6优质囊胚的活产率低于Day 5非优质囊胚的原因。一项研究结果发现,Day 5囊胚中线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的含量明显高于Day 6的囊胚,而mtDNA的含量可能是影响囊胚发育速率的一个关键因素[13]。此外,Hashimoto等人[14]发现,在对533枚解冻后的Day 5和Day 6囊胚中进行纺锤体分析,Day 6囊胚中异常纺锤体的发生率显著高于Day 5囊胚(47%与30%,P<0.05),与Day 5囊胚相比,Day6囊胚的植入能力降低。然而Shi等人[15]的研究结果却有相反的结论:与非优质的Day 5囊胚相比,优质的Day 6囊胚移植获得了更高的活产,并且与优质的Day 5囊胚移植结果相似。其研究结果认为囊胚的形态学分级对整倍体率的影响可能更大,优质Day 6囊胚的整倍体率高于非优质的Day 5囊胚(54.6%与41.4%),这种差异可能与其纳入的人群和样本量差异有关。

综上所述,在FET周期中Day 5非优质单囊胚移植和Day 6优质单囊胚移植的临床结局相似,但Day 6优质单囊胚移植可能会存在新生儿性别比偏倚的风险,并且对于较年轻的患者,移植Day 6囊胚可能会导致流产率的增加。因此,在Day 5非优质囊胚和Day 6优质囊胚中建议优先选择Day 5非优质囊胚,可能获得更好的临床结局。

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Comparison of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes between low-grade embryos on day 5 and high-grade embryos on day 6 in FET cycle

JI Yue,YE Xiaoping,CHEN Ruixin WANG Shanshan. 210008 Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,Nanjing University Medical School

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of transfer of low-grade single blastocyst transfer on Day 5 and high-grade single blastocyst on Day 6 on clinical pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in the freeze-thaw embryo transfer(FET) cycle. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted among patients who underwent single blastocyst transplantation during the FET cycle(n=1991) at the Reproductive Medicine Department of Gulou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine from January 1,2017 to June 30,2022.Two groups are divided according to the embryo transfer period,low-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 5,n=1083) and high-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 6,n=908).The rate of clinical pregnancy,miscarriage,live birth,preterm birth,sex ratio and birth weight were compared,and subgroup analysis by age was conducted. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical pregnancy rate(49.0% vs.51.1%,P>0.05),miscarriage rate(20.3% vs.24.4%,P>0.05),live birth rate(39.1% vs.38.7%,P>0.05),preterm birth rate(10.6% vs.14.5%,P>0.05),and birth weight(3381.1 ± 505.6 vs.3502.1 ± 1845.0,P >0.05) between the low-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 5) and high-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 6),There was a statistical difference in the sex ratio of newborns(1.1 vs.1.5,P<0.05),with a significantly higher proportion of male newborns born in the high-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 6) compared to the low-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 5).Meanwhile,after age stratification,it was found that for patients under 35 years old,the abortion rate in the low-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 5) was significantly lower than that in the high-grade single blastocyst transplantation group(Day 6)(18.5% vs.24.7%,P<0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of clinical pregnancy and live birth.For patients aged ≥ 35 years old,there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of clinical pregnancy,abortion,and live birth between the two groups. Conclusion There is no statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes between the low-grade single blastocyst transplantation(Day 5) and high-grade single blastocyst transplantation(Day 6) in the FET cycle.However,high-grade single blastocyst transplantation in Day 6 may pose a risk of sex imbalance in newborns,and for younger patients,transplanting blastocysts in Day 6 may lead to an increase in miscarriage rates.

[Key words] frozen thawed embryo transfer; single blastocyst transplantation; high-grade blastocyst; low-grade blastocysts; pregnancy outcome

基金项目:2021年生殖医学中青年医生研究项目(横向课题)

作者单位:210008,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院生殖医学和妇产医学中心

通信作者:王珊珊(wss_19860820@sina.com)

【中图分类号】 R71

(收稿日期:2024-4-11)