·妇幼保健·

产后体重滞留影响因素的队列研究

周雅琳 朱小语 张敏佳 刘伟 李雍 秦勇 黄汉明 许雅君

【摘要】 目的 探究女性产后体重滞留的影响因素。方法 采用前瞻性队列研究,以在北京北方医院进行常规体检的产后1个月的女性为研究对象,进行5个月的追踪随访,调查研究对象的一般信息、孕前、分娩前、产后1个月、6个月的体重;在产后6个月,用半定量的食物频数法,收集研究对象的膳食摄入信息。利用单因素方差分析、χ2检验、多元线性回归分析等统计学方法,探究影响产后体重滞留的因素 结果 孕前BMI > 24.0 kg/m2即孕前超重或肥胖者,产后1个月体重滞留约(6.4±5.5)kg,产后6个月,体重较孕前增加了(4.9±5.8) kg,均显著高于孕前BMI正常的女性;孕期增重过多,产后体重滞留程度大于孕期增重适宜以及孕期增重不足的女性(P<0.05);当脂肪供能比超过推荐值时,产后1个月、6个月BMI明显增加(P<0.05);多元线性回归分析后发现,孕期增重、产后6个月的喂养方式与产后体重滞留有关,孕期增重越多,产后6个月体重滞留越严重(β=0.73,P<0.001);与母乳喂养相比,产后6个月混合喂养的女性,更容易发生产后体重滞留(β=0.16,P=0.027)。结论 孕期增重、每天能量摄入、产后6个月的喂养方式会影响产后体重的恢复,孕期增重过多,每天能量摄入过高是产后6个月体重滞留的危险因素;而产后6个月母乳喂养(包括纯母乳喂养和以母乳喂养为主)是产后6个月体重滞留的保护因素,其中孕期增重是产后体重滞留最重要的预测因子。

【关键词】 孕期增重; 膳食; 喂养方式; 产后体重滞留

产后体重滞留是指产后不同时点的体重与孕前体重的差值[1],是女性肥胖发生、肥胖加重的重要的因素之一,接近20%的有过生育史的女性体重无法恢复至孕前水平,甚至出现产后严重的体重滞留[1-3]。哺乳期体重滞留不同于其他时期的体重增加,往往引起中心性肥胖,更容易诱发代谢相关疾病以及心血管疾病[4]。因此,产后体重管理对女性长期健康至关重要。

影响女性产后体重的因素有很多,如种族、产次、孕期增重[5]、母乳喂养时间[6]、运动、膳食等生活行为方式等[7],本研究采用前瞻性队列研究,分别在产后1个月、6个月时进行随访调查,分析产后体重的影响因素。

对象与方法

一、对象

1.研究对象的纳入标准:(1)分娩后1个月,在北京北方医院按规定时间进行产后检查;(2)产妇本人同意参加本研究并签署知情同意书;(3)产妇无严重遗传缺陷病、精神疾病、严重心肝肾疾病患者、胃肠疾病和营养性疾病、恶性肿瘤等。

2.研究对象纳入:将2016年9月—2017年9月在北京北方医院进行常规体检的所有符合纳入标准的产后1个月的女性作为研究对象,在产后1个月、产后6个月进行纵向追踪调查。有效调查对象共计150名,所有调查对象均签署了知情同意书,本研究通过了北京大学生物医学伦理委员会审查。

二、调查内容

1.一般情况调查:包括姓名、民族、籍贯、教育水平、家庭收入、吸烟、饮酒、身体活动情况。教育水平分为高中及以下、大学、研究生及以上;吸烟情况根据吸烟时间分为怀孕前半年、怀孕期间、哺乳期、当前是否吸烟、每周吸烟的天数及每天吸烟的数量以及是否有过被动吸烟;根据定义过去30 d饮酒超过60 g即为饮酒,调查研究对象在怀孕前半年内、怀孕期间、哺乳期间以及当前是否饮酒、饮酒种类、每周饮酒天数及饮酒量;身体活动水平根据研究对象过去7 d总的活动量计算,用代谢当量指数表示(METs index)(各种活动时的能量代谢水平与安静且坐位时能量消耗的比值)[9]

2.生育史调查:孕次、产次、分娩方式、孩子出生情况以及喂养方式、是否添加辅食、添加辅食时间等。对研究对象喂养方式的调查包括0~4个月的喂养方式、4~6个月的喂养方式。喂养方式定义为(1)母乳喂养包括基本纯母乳喂养或纯母乳喂养(母乳喂养或添加少许水或果汁);(2)混合喂养(母乳加配方奶粉的喂养方式);(3)人工喂养(只给与配方奶粉而不进行母乳喂养)[5]

3.体格信息调查:身高、孕前、分娩前、产后1个月~42 d以及产后6个月体重由孕妇本人提供。孕前体重为怀孕前1个月内体重的测量值,产前体重为分娩前1周内的体重测量值。BMI=体重(kg)/身高(m)2;产后1或6个月体重滞留=产后1或6个月体重-孕前体重;产后1/6个月体重改变百分比=(产后1/6个月体重-孕前体重)/孕前体重×100%;按照孕前BMI分为低体重组(<18.5 kg/m2)、正常体重组(18.5 kg/m2≤~≤24.0 kg/m2)、超重及肥胖体重组(>24.0 kg/m2);依据美国医学研究会(IOM) 2009 年推荐的孕期增重标准[10],将孕期增重分为增重不足、增重适宜、增重过度。

4.膳食调查:本研究采用半定量的食物频数法进行膳食调查。在产后6个月时,进行一次膳食调查,要求研究对象回忆过去6个月内各种食物的摄入频数(次/天,次/周,次/月),同时辅以食物模型,帮助研究对象回忆各种食物的摄入量。膳食调查问卷是在2010—2013年中国居民营养与健康状况调查/监测中使用的食物频数法问卷的基础上设计的并根据本研究需要将食物分为13大类,包括主食、豆类及制品、蔬菜、水果、菌藻类、乳类及其制品、畜禽肉及肉制品、水产品、蛋类、小吃零食、水、100%果蔬汁、含糖饮料等。营养补充剂也作为膳食调查的一部分。根据《中国食物成分表》[9]计算研究对象能量及营养素的摄入量并排除每天能量摄入低于1%,高于99%分位的研究对象[3]。根据《中国居民膳食指南(2016版)》[11]推荐,将能量摄入分为小于等于推荐摄入(≤100% DRI)和大于推荐摄入(>100%)两组;将蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物供能比根据推荐值分为三组,即蛋白质供能不足(<15%)、适宜(15%~20%)和过量(>20%),脂肪供能不足(<20%)、适宜(20%~30%)和过量(>30%),碳水化合物供能不足(<55%)、适宜(55%~60%)和过量(>60%);计算蛋白质摄入量与碳水化合物摄入量比值,并将该比值按照三分位法进行划分,即Q1(<0.23)、Q2(0.23~0.4)、Q3(> 0.4)。

5.统计学处理:应用SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)进行统计分析。对于连续变量,采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析比较组间差异,结果用均数±标准差表示;分类变量组间比较采用χ2检验;以P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用多元线性回归分析产后体重滞留的影响因素,以逐步回归法筛选变量,F检验,P<0.1作为纳入变量标准。

结 果

一、产妇一般信息

产妇平均年龄(31.9±4.1)岁,教育水平在高中程度以下的占19.4%,大学本科约37.1%,研究生及以上学历约43.5%。喂养情况,在0~4个月时,母乳喂养或以母乳喂养为主的约占66.9%,混合喂养占比32.3%,人工喂养的比例较低约0.8%;在5~6个月时,母乳喂养或以母乳喂养为主的占比较重约65.3%,混合喂养占27.4%;只有7.3%的产妇采用人工喂养。见表1。

表1 北方医院产妇产后6个月一般人口学特征

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of postpartum women 6 months after delivery in Beijing Northern Hospital

VariablesMean(N=150,%)Age(years)31.9±4.1Height(cm)162.5±5.3 Weightofpre-pregnancy(g)112.9±22.2BMIofpre-pregnancy(kg/m2)21.3±3.8Numberofpregnancy(times)1.7±1.0Parity(times)1.4±0.8Month1(months)5.5±0.6METs(kcal/(kg∗h)/w)8.9±16.4Educationallevel[n(%)] Highschoolorbelow29(19.4) Undergraduate56(37.1) Postgraduateorup65(43.5)Modeoffeeding[n(%)]Modeoffeedingduring0-4monthpostpartum[n(%)] Breastfeeding100(66.9) Mixedfeeding48(32.3) Artificialfeeding12(0.8)Modeoffeedingduring0-6monthpostpartum[n(%)] Breastfeeding98(65.3) Mixedfeeding41(27.4) Artificialfeeding11(7.3)

Month1: the time of complementary foods

二、孕前BMI、喂养方式、膳食变量、孕期增重与产后体重

不同喂养方式、碳水化合物供能比(不足、适宜、过多)各组之间产后1个月、产后6个月体重相关指标之间差异没有统计学意义;孕前BMI>24 kg/m2组,产后1个月体重滞留(6.5±5.5)kg;产后6个月体重滞留(4.9±5.8)kg;均高于孕前BMI正常组的女性,差异均有统计学意义。见表2、表3。

比较孕期不同增重情况下产后1个月、6个月体重情况,结果发现,孕期增重过度组的产妇,其产后1个月体重、产后1个月体重滞留、产后6个月体重及产后6个月体重滞留,均高于孕期增重不足和孕期增重适宜的产妇,差异均具有统计学意义。根据《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》[11]哺乳期妇女每天蛋白质供能比为15%~20%,在产后1个月时,供能比达到规定标准的产妇,产后1个月BMI低于蛋白质供能比超过20%的女性,差异没有统计学意义;哺乳期女性脂肪供能比推荐标准为每天20%~30%,脂肪供能比超过30%者,产后1个月BMI高于供能适宜以及供能不足者;供能比超过30%者,产后6个月BMI高于供能不足及供能适宜者;根据蛋白质与碳水化合物摄入量之比,将比值按照三分位法分类Q1(<0.23)、Q2(0.20~0.43)、Q3(>0.40)发现,蛋白质碳水化合物摄入比大于0.4的产妇,产后1个月BMI高于蛋白质碳水化合物摄入比介于0.20~0.43的产妇,差异具有统计学意义。见表2、表3。

三、不同喂养方式、孕期增重与产后体重滞留

产后1个月,将喂养方式分为母乳喂养或母乳喂养为主及混合喂养两种方式(因人工喂养数量少,未纳入其对产后体重滞留的影响分析中),分层后,不论是母乳喂养组还是混合喂养组,孕期增重过多者,产后1个月体重滞留及体重改变百分比均高于孕期增重不足者,差异均具有统计学意义。在产后6个月时,母乳喂养组,孕期增重过度的女性,体重平均值为(68.1±12.3)kg,BMI为(24.6±5.6)kg/m2,产后6个月体重滞留约(10.5±7.5)kg,均高于孕期增重适宜的女性,差异均有统计学意义。见表4、表5。

表2 相关变量产后1个月体重滞留及BMI 差异比较

Table 2 Postpartum weight retention and BMI 1 month after delivery by correlated factors

GroupWeightof1monthpostpartumBMIof1monthpostpartumWeightchangesof1postpartumPercentageofweightchangesModeoffeedingduring0-4monthpostpartum Breastfeeding62.4±10.023.6±3.36.0±5.42.8±2.3 Mixedfeeding64.4±9.724.3±3.06.2±5.12.8±2.3BMIofpre-pregnancy(kg/m2) 18.5≤-≤24.053.0±4.420.2±1.64.3±3.62.2±1.8 >24.065.4±9.3Ψ24.7±2.9Ψ6.5±5.6Ψ3.0±2.4GestationalWeightGain(kg) Inadequate60.2±9.322.8±3.22.3±4.81.2±2.0 Appropriate60.6±8.723.1±3.05.8±3.82.8±1.7 Excessive69.3±9.4∗Δ25.8±2.8∗Δ10.4±4.2∗Δ4.6±2.0∗ΔEnergyintake(%) Energyintake≤100%DRI62.6±8.523.8±2.96.2±4.62.9±2.1 Energyintake>100%DRI63.9±12.223.8±3.85.7±6.42.7±2.6EnergycontributeofCarbohydrate(%) >15%62.6±8.523.8±2.96.2±4.62.9±2.1 15%-20%63.9±12.223.8±3.85.7±6.42.7±2.6 >20%62.6±8.523.8±2.96.2±4.62.9±2.1EnergycontributeofProtein(%) >15%64.2±11.224.0±3.46.4±2.72.8±1.2 15%-20%62.0±9.723.2±3.15.9±5.02.7±2.2 >20%64.1±10.024.4±3.4※6.2±6.12.9±2.6EnergycontributeofCarbohydrate(%) >55%66.1±12.225.1±3.94.9±6.92.4±2.9 55%-60%62.2±8.823.5±2.86.5±5.13.0±2.2 >60%62.6±10.423.6±3.55.8±4.02.7±1.8EnergycontributeofFat(%) >20%60.1±9.522.6±2.95.2±4.02.6±1.8 20%-30%62.8±9.623.6±3.16.8±4.93.1±2.1 >30%65.0±10.4†24.8±3.4†‡5.2±6.22.4±2.7Protein/Carbohydrate Q1(<0.23)63.0±10.723.6±3.45.0±4.12.4±1.8 Q2(0.23-0.40)61.8±9.223.4±3.06.2±4.92.9±2.1 Q3(>0.40)66.0±10.8$24.9±3.5$6.1±6.62.9±2.8

Significant differences between 18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2 and BMI>24.0 kg/m2 of pre-pregnancy, ΨP<0.05;Significant differences between inadequate GWG and excessive GWG, *P<0.05;Significant differences between appropriate GWG and excessive GWG, ΔP<0.05;Significant differences between energy contribute of protein more than 20% and adequate energy contribute of protein(15%-20%),P<0.05;Significant differences between energy contribute of fat less than 20% and more than 30%, P<0.05; Significant differences between adequate energy contribute of fat(20%-30%)and energy contribute of fat more than 30%, P<0.05; Significant differences between Q3 of protein/ carbohydrate and Q2 of protein/ carbohydrate, $ P<0.05

表3 相关变量产后6个月体重滞留及BMI 差异比较

Table 3 Postpartum weight retention and BMI 6 months after delivery by correlated factors

GroupWeightof6monthpostpartumBMIof6monthpostpartumWeightchangesof6postpartumPercentageofweightchangesModeoffeedingduring5-6monthpostpartum Breastfeeding61.2±11.623.0±4.24.0±6.01.8±2.5 Mixedfeeding61.0±9.323.1±2.74.6±4.22.1±1.8BMIofpre-pregnancy(kg/m2) 18.5≤-≤24.050.7±4.319.3±1.62.0±3.21.0±1.6 >24.063.8±10.5Ψ23.9±3.6Ψ4.9±5.75Ψ2.2±2.4ΨGestationalWeightGain(kg) Inadequate59.8±9.822.2±3.60.8±4.20.5±1.7 Appropriate60.6±12.922.3±3.03.8±3.7∗1.8±1.7∗ Excessive66.6±11.2∗Δ24.8±4.3∗Δ8.7±5.8∗Δ3.7±2.5∗ΔEnergyintake(%) Energyintake≤100%DRI60.3±9.122.9±3.23.9±4.41.8±1.9 Energyintake>100%DRI63.1±13.623.2±4.75.0±7.12.3±3.0EnergycontributeofCarbohydrate(%) >15%61.3±12.222.9±3.93.5±2.91.4±1.2 15%-20%60.7±10.422.8±3.34.6±5.82.1±2.5 >20%62.0±11.523.4±4.34.1±5.51.9±2.3EnergycontributeofProtein(%) >15%64.414.324.4±4.63.3±6.51.5±2.6 15%-20%60.4±9.322.6±3.34.8±5.42.2±2.4 >20%60.7±11.722.8±4.03.9±4.41.8±1.8EnergycontributeofCarbohydrate(%) >55%57.8±10.121.7±3.12.9±3.61.4±1.6 55%-60%60.8±10.322.6±3.64.9±5.12.2±2.2 >60%63.8±12.0†24.3±4.0†‡4.0±6.61.8±2.8EnergycontributeofFat(%) >20%60.3±11.722.6±3.82.3±3.41.1±1.4 20%-30%60.4±9.922.8±3.24.8±5.42.2±2.4 >30%63.8±12.823.7±4.93.9±6.21.8±2.5Protein/Carbohydrate Q1(<0.23)63.0±10.723.6±3.45.0±4.12.4±1.8 Q2(0.23-0.40)61.8±9.223.4±3.06.2±4.92.9±2.1 Q3(>0.40)66.0±10.8$24.9±3.5$6.1±6.62.9±2.8

Significant differences between 18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2 and BMI>24.0 kg/m2 of pre-pregnancy, ΨP<0.05; Significant differences between inadequate GWG and excessive GWG, * P<0.05; Significant differences between appropriate GWG and excessive GWG, ΔP<0.05;Significant differences between energy contribute of protein more than 20% and adequate energy contribute of protein(15%-20%),P<0.05; Significant differences between energy contribute of fat less than 20% and more than 30%, P<0.05; Significant differences between adequate energy contribute of fat(20%-30%)and energy contribute of fat more than 30%, P<0.05; Significant differences between Q3 of protein/ carbohydrate and Q2 of protein/ carbohydrat, $ P<0.05

表4 喂养方式分层后不同孕期增重组间产后1个月体重滞留及BMI差异比较

Table 4 Postpartum weight retention and BMI 1 month after delivery in different gestational weight gain(GWG)group stratified by feeding mode

GestationalWeightGainInadequateAppropriateExcessiveWeight(kg) Breastfeeding59.6±12.560.3±5.769.5±9.8∗ Mixedfeeding63.6±8.764.3±12.567.2±8.4BMI(kg/m2) Breastfeeding21.5±6.523.2±2.126.1±3.3∗ Mixedfeeding22.3±7.523.5±3.325.6±2.5Weightchanges(kg) Breastfeeding4.0±4.58.7±2.111.8±4.5∗ Mixedfeeding3.45±4.68.0±2.313.0±2.7∗Percentageofweightchanges(%) Breastfeeding2.0±1.94.3±1.15.2±2∗ Mixedfeeding1.5±2.03.7±1.36.0±1.0∗

Significant differences between inadequate GWG and excessive GWG,*P<0.05

表5 喂养方式分层后不同孕期增重组间产后6个月体重滞留及BMI差异比较

Table 5 Postpartum weight retention and BMI 6 months after delivery in different gestational weight gain(GWG)group stratified by feeding mode

GestationalWeightGainInadequateAppropriateExcessiveWeight(kg) Breastfeeding60.0±10.856.1±9.668.1±12.4∗Δ Mixedfeeding59.1±7.263.8±14.563.0±6.9BMI(kg/m2) Breastfeeding22.7±3.721.1±3.524.6±5.6Δ Mixedfeeding22.5±2.423.4±3.624.4±2.0Weightchanges(kg) Breastfeeding2.2±4.34.4±4.610.5±7.5∗Δ Mixedfeeding2.7±3.57.0±3.48.5±3.1∗Percentageofweightchanges(%) Breastfeeding1.1±1.82.1±2.14.6±3.3∗ Mixedfeeding1.2±1.63.1±1.14.0±1.5∗

Significant differences between inadequate GWG and excessive GWG, *P<0.05; Significant differences between appropriate GWG and excessive GWG, ΔP<0.05

四、不同喂养方式,能量摄入与产后体重滞留

根据喂养方式进行分层,比较不同能量摄入情况下产后体重差异如表6和表7所示,结果发现,按照母乳喂养、混合喂养的方式进行分层后,不同能量摄入情况之间的体重变化差异没有统计学意义。

表6 喂养方式分层后不同能量摄入组间产后1个月体重滞留及BMI差异比较

Table 6 Postpartum weight retention and BMI 1 month after delivery in different daily energy intake group stratified by feeding mode

VariablesEnergyintake≤100%DRIEnergyintake>100%DRIWeight(kg) Breastfeeding61.2±7.162.0±16.9 Mixedfeeding64.6±10.063.6±9.1BMI(kg/m2) Breastfeeding22.3±5.522.5±6.9 Mixedfeeding23.7±5.320.9±8.2Weightchanges(kg) Breastfeeding6.0±4.45.5±6.5 Mixedfeeding6.4±5.05.3±5.8Percentageofweightchanges(%) Breastfeeding2.9±2.02.7±2.0 Mixedfeeding2.9±2.32.6±2.6

表7 喂养方式分层后不同能量摄入组间产后6个月体重滞留及BMI差异比较

Table 7 Postpartum weight retention and BMI 6 months after delivery in different daily energy intake group stratified by feeding mode

VariablesEnergyintake≤100%DRIEnergyintake>100%DRIWeight(kg) Breastfeeding59.7±9.363.4±13.8 Mixedfeeding60.9±8.960.4±11.0BMI(kg/m2) Breastfeeding22.7±3.523.4±4.9 Mixedfeeding23.1±2.522.6±3.3Weightchanges(kg) Breastfeeding3.7±4.64.5±7.6 Mixedfeeding4.1±3.96.0±4.8Percentageofweightchanges(%) Breastfeeding1.7±2.02.1±3.1 Mixedfeeding1.9±1.82.7±2.0

五、产后6个月体重滞留的影响因素

多元线性回归将孕期增重、每天能量摄入、喂养方式、孕次、产次、产后时间、添加辅食的时间、三大产能营养素(蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物)供能比变量纳入回归中,结果发现,孕期增重以及产后6个月的喂养方式与产后6个月体重改变的相关性有统计学意义,与产后6个月母乳喂养相比,混合喂养引起母亲体重增加更多,每天能量摄入与产后6个月体重滞留没有统计学意义。与母乳喂养相比,混合喂养组产后6个月体重滞留更多;孕期增重是产后体重滞留最重要的预测变量。孕期增重与产后6个月喂养方式的方差贡献率达51.5%。见表8。

表8 产后6个月体重滞留影响因素的多元线性回归分析

Table 8 Multivariate linear regression on factors associated with postpartum weight retention 6 month after delivery

VariablesCoefficientPBMIofpre-pregnancy0.10.987Gestationalweightgain(g)∗0.7<0.0001Dailyenergyintake(kcal)0.10.067Modeoffeedingduring0-6monthpostpartum∗0.20.027Parity0.10.500Timeofcomplementaryfood-0.10.607EnergycontributeofProtein(%)0.10.378EnergycontributeofCarbohydrate(%)-0.10.215Energycontributeoffat(%)0.10.182AdjustedR251.5%

*P<0.05

讨 论

孕前BMI对于整个妊娠过程具有深远的影响,理想的孕前体重是保证孕期母婴健康的有利条件,但孕前BMI过高,不仅影响产后体重,也会增加妊娠糖尿病以及高血压的发生风险[12]。本研究发现,孕前BMI > 24.0 kg/m2及孕前超重或肥胖者,产后1个月体重滞留约(6.4±5.5) kg,产后6个月,体重较孕前增加了(4.9±5.8) kg,均显著高于孕前BMI正常的女性。孕期体重增长不仅反映了胎儿生长发育情况、母亲营养状况,对母亲产后体重滞留也具有重要的影响[13]。本研究结果表明,孕期增重过多,产后体重滞留程度远大于孕期增重适宜以及孕期增重不足的女性。研究发现,孕期体重增加可能影响到分娩后的喂养方式[14],在进一步按照喂养方式进行分层后,仍发现孕期增重过多,会引起产后体重滞留。Althuizen等[15]研究发现孕期增重过多者,产后体重滞留的风险也会增加。在多元回归分析中,本研究也发现,孕期体重增加是产后6个月体重滞留最重要的预测变量(r=0.73,P<0.001)。

喂养方式是影响产后体重滞留的关键因素,研究表明,喂养方式有助于产妇产后体重恢复,降低体重滞留的发生风险[16]。由于在本调查中,人工喂养的人数只有3人,因此将喂养方式分为母乳喂养、混合喂养两种。本研究回归分析结果表明,产后母乳喂养6个月,能够减少产后体重滞留。

本研究在产后6个月随访时,采用半定量的食物频数法(FFQ)对研究对象进行膳食调查,结果发现,与推荐值相比,脂肪供能比超过推荐值时,产后1个月、6个月BMI明显增加。按照能量摄入是否满足推荐标准,本研究进行分组时,并没有发现组间体重改变的差异,但将能量摄入作为连续变量纳入回归分析时,发现产妇每天的能量摄入与产后6个月的体重增加呈正相关关系,并且能量摄入是仅次于孕期体重增加的产后体重滞留的第二预测因素。Lovelady等[17]研究发现超重产妇限制每天能量摄入,能够促进产后体重减少,防止出现产后体重滞留;Dujmovic等[6]在对影响产后体重的有关因素的回归分析中也发现,每天能量摄入与产后体重增加呈显著的正相相关。

本研究也存在一定的不足:产后6个月对研究对象进行问卷调查,体重信息均来自研究对象自己提供,并且为回忆所得,因此在一定程度上,会造成回忆偏移;其次,受到受访者主观因素的影响,自己报告的体重与实际情况可能存在一些差异;没有对受试对象的体成分进行测定,无法判断研究对象的体脂含量;尽管本调查利用食物模型帮助受访者回忆过去一段时间的各种食物的摄入情况,但依然无法避免食物频数法本身存在的回忆偏移。由于受样本量以及研究地区的局限性,在一定程度上限制了研究结论的外推。

综上所述,孕期增重、每天能量摄入、产后6个月的喂养方式会影响产后体重的恢复,孕期增重过度、每天能量摄入过多是产后6个月体重滞留的危险因素;产后6个月母乳喂养是产后6个月体重滞留的保护因素;而孕期增重是产后体重滞留最重要的预测因子。

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Factors associated with postpartum weight retention: A cohort study

ZHOU YalinZHU XiaoyuZHANG MinjiaLIU WeiLI YongQIN YongHUANG HanmingXU Yajun.

Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Peking UniversityBeijing 100191,China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the factors associated with postpartum weight retention. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among 1 month postpartum women undergoing routine physical examination in Beijing North Hospital, with 5 months following up study. Information on demographic characteristics, pre-pregnancy weight, weight before delivery, weight at 1 month postpartum, and weight at 6 months postpartum were collected through self-administered questionnaire.. The semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used for daily dietary intake 6 months after delivery. ANOVA, chi-square test and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to explore the factors correlated to postpartum weight retention. Results Women in the group of pre-pregnancy BMI>24.0kg/m2 had higher weight retention than women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI. The weight retention was (6.4±5.5)kg and(4.9±5.8)kg at 1 month and 6 months postpartum respectively. Women with excessive gestational weight gain had higher postpartum weight retention than women with appropriate and inadequate weight gain (P<0.05). Women with fat energy ratio exceeded the recommended value had significant higher increase of BMI at 1 month and 6 months postpartum (P<0.05). Multivariate liner regression analysis showed that gestational weight gain and feeding modes at 6 months postpartum were significantly associated with postpartum weight retention. The severity of postpartum weight retention was related with gestational weight gain at 6 months postpartum (β=0.73,P<0.001). Compared with women breast-feeding, postpartum weight retention was more likely to occur in women who were mixed-feeding at 6 months. Conclusion Pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, daily energy intake, and the mode of feeding at 6 months postpartum are associated with postpartum weight retention. Excessive GWG and high daily energy intake can increase the risk of postpartum weight retention at 6 months postpartum, while breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum may be a protective factor. GWG is the strongest predictor of postpartum weight retention.

[Key words] gestational weight gain; dietary intake; feeding mode; postpartum weight retention

作者单位:100191 北京,北京大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学系(周雅琳,刘伟,张敏佳,李雍,秦勇,许雅君);食品安全毒理学研究与评价北京市重点实验室(许雅君);北京北方医院(朱小语,黄汉明)

通讯作者:许雅君(xuyajun@bjmu.edu.cn)

(收稿日期:2018-03-30)