褪黑素通过抑制JAK2/STAT3通路抑制IL-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞上皮间质转化

谢婷婷 李雯惠 苏瑛 韩碧洁 于月成

【摘要】 目的 探究褪黑素对白细胞介素(IL)-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞上皮间质转化(EMT)的作用和机制。方法首先用不同浓度的褪黑素(1、2、4、6和8 mM)与50 ng/mL重组IL-6蛋白处理SKOV3细胞,CCK-8检测细胞活力,选择两个褪黑素浓度,进行后续实验。然后将SKOV3细胞随机分成四组:对照组(不进行任何处理)、IL-6组(加入50 ng/mL IL-6)、IL-6+褪黑素低剂量组(同时加入50 ng/mL IL-6和2 mM褪黑素)、IL-6+褪黑素高剂量组(同时加入50 ng/mL IL-6和4 mM褪黑素)。IL-6加入48 h后,Transwell检测迁移细胞数目,Real-time PCR检测E-cadherin和Vimentin mRNA表达,Western blot检测E-cadherin、Vimentin、Janus激酶2(JAK2)、磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)、信号传导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)和磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)蛋白表达。结果褪黑素能够抑制IL-6增加的细胞活力,且呈现剂量依赖性。后续选择2 mM和4 mM褪黑素进行实验。与对照组相比,IL-6组中迁移细胞数目、Vimentin mRNA和蛋白水平、p-JAK2/JAK2和p-STAT3/STAT3增加,E-cadherin mRNA和蛋白水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);与IL-6组相比,IL-6+褪黑素组迁移细胞数目、Vimentin mRNA和蛋白水平、p-JAK2/JAK2和p-STAT3/STAT3降低,E-cadherin mRNA和蛋白水平增加,且高剂量组中变化更加明显,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论褪黑素能够抑制IL-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞EMT,可能是通过抑制JAK2/STAT3通路发挥作用。

【关键词】 褪黑素; IL-6; SKOV3细胞; 上皮间质转化; JAK2/STAT3

卵巢癌是妇科肿瘤中死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤[1]。虽然近年来卵巢癌的手术治疗和放化疗手段有了很大的进步,但是由于该疾病的早期病变不明显,且病情进展迅速,多数患者在确诊时已经处于晚期,这导致了该疾病的5年生存率低于30%,且预后较差[2-3]。癌细胞转移可促进卵巢癌的疾病进展,降低患者的生存率[3]。上皮间质转化(epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是促进癌细胞转移的一个重要分子机制[4]。白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6是癌相关成纤维细胞和癌细胞产生的一个促炎因子,其在卵巢癌患者的血清和腹水中表达上调,其表达不仅与患者的不良预后相关,也与卵巢癌细胞的浸润和转移特征有关[5]。IL-6可以促进卵巢癌细胞的EMT[6]。褪黑素主要是由松果体分泌的吲哚类物质。Zhao等[7]研究发现褪黑素在卵巢癌患者血清中的水平低于正常女性。褪黑素不仅能够抑制卵巢癌细胞的活力[8],还可以抑制卵巢癌干细胞的迁移和侵袭、减少其EMT进程[9]。但是褪黑素对IL-6诱导的卵巢癌细胞EMT还没有相关研究。因此,本研究用重组IL-6蛋白和褪黑素共同处理卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,探究褪黑素对IL-6诱导的细胞增殖、迁移和EMT的作用和机制。

材料与方法

一、材料

卵巢癌SKOV3细胞购买于中国科学院细胞库,RPMI-1640培养基购买于美国Invitrogen公司,胎牛血清、胰酶和青霉素-链霉素购买于美国Gibco公司,重组IL-6蛋白和褪黑素购买于美国Sigma公司,CCK-8试剂盒购买于上海碧云天公司,结晶紫染色液购买于北京索莱宝公司,RNAisoPlus试剂购买于大连宝生物,逆转录试剂盒TransScript All-in-One First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix for qPCR、Real-time PCR试剂盒TransStart Tip Green qPCR SuperMix和Easy Ⅱ Protein Quantitative Kit(BCA)购买于北京全式金生物公司,RIPA裂解液购买于上海捷瑞公司,E-cadherin和Vimentin抗体购买于美国Abcam公司,Janus激酶2(JAK2)、磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)、信号传导及转录激活因子3(STAT3)和磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)抗体购买于美国Cell signaling technology公司。

二、实验方法

1. CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活力:使用含有10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素的RPMI-1640培养基培养SKOV3细胞,待细胞生长至对数期后,胰酶消化传代,接种到96孔板中,在37℃、5%CO2的细胞培养箱中过夜培养使细胞贴壁。加入不同浓度褪黑素(1、2、4、6、8 mM)和50 ng/mL IL-6继续培养48 h后,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液,37℃细胞培养箱中继续孵育1 h。使用酶标仪在450 nm波长处测定各孔的吸光度值。根据测定的细胞活力,选择两个浓度,进行后续实验。

2. 细胞培养与分组:将胰酶消化后过夜培养的SKOV3细胞随机分成四组:对照组、IL-6组、IL-6+褪黑素低剂量组和IL-6+褪黑素高剂量组。其中对照组中不加任何处理,IL-6组中加入50 ng/mL IL-6,IL-6+褪黑素低剂量组中同时加入50 ng/mL IL-6和低浓度的褪黑素,IL-6+褪黑素高剂量组中同时加入50 ng/mL IL-6和高浓度的褪黑素。各组中加入不同试剂处理48 h,进行检测。

3. Transwell检测细胞迁移:将SKOV3细胞按照方法1处理48 h后,使用胰酶消化,然后将含有5×104个细胞的200 μL无血清RPMI-1640培养基加入到Transwell上室,下室中加入600 μL含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基,37℃、5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养24 h。取出小室,用棉签将上层未迁移的细胞轻轻擦去,4%多聚甲醛固定,结晶紫染色液染色15 min。然后在显微镜下随机选择5个视野拍照,计数每个视野中细胞数目的平均值即为每个小室中迁移细胞的数目。

4. 总RNA提取和Real-time PCR:将各组细胞中的培养基弃去,冰冷的PBS缓冲液清洗一次,然后按照RNAisoPlus溶液说明书操作提取细胞的总RNA。琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Nanodrop2000分别检测所提取总RNA的完整性以及浓度和纯度。取1 μg纯度较高且完整性好的RNA,使用逆转录试剂盒将其逆转录成cDNA后,按照Real-time PCR试剂盒操作行real-time PCR检测,以GAPDH为内参,按照公式2-△△Ct计算目的基因E-cadherin和Vimentin的相对表达量。引物序列如下:E-cadherin上游引物5′-GTGCCTGAGAACGAGGCTA -3′,下游引物5′-CTGCATCTTGCCAGGTCCTT-3′; Vimentin上游引物5′-GACGGTTGAAACTAGAGATGG-3′,下游引物5′-GCTGGTAATATATTGCTGCA-3′;GAPDH上游引物5′-TGAAGACGGGCGGAGAGAAA-3′,下游引物5′-CCAATACGACCAAATCCGTTGAC-3′。

5. 总蛋白提取和Western blot检测:取培养的各组细胞,加入适量的RIPA裂解液,冰上裂解20 min,4 ℃、12 000 g离心30 min,上清液即为所提取的总蛋白。BCA法测定蛋白浓度后,每孔取40 μg总蛋白,沸水浴将其变性后行SDS-PAGE电泳分离蛋白。利用半干转法将分离后的蛋白转移至PVDF膜上。5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h后加入提前稀释好的一抗4℃过夜孵育,TBS溶液洗膜三次,使用辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗室温孵育45 min,TBST洗膜三次,加入ECL发光液后拍照,使用Image J软件对蛋白条带进行灰度值分析。

三、 统计分析方法:所有数据均使用表示,采用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析,组间均数比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较用LSD检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结 果

一、不同浓度褪黑素对IL-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞活力的影响

用不同浓度褪黑素(1、2、4、6、8 mM)与50 ng/mL IL-6处理SKOV3细胞48 h,CCK-8检测细胞活力,结果见表1。与对照组相比,IL-6处理后细胞活力增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与IL-6单独处理相比,除了1 mM褪黑素外,其它几个浓度的褪黑素均能降低IL-6诱导的细胞活力,且具有剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。考虑到高浓度可能会对细胞产生毒性,后续实验中褪黑素浓度使用2 mM和4 mM。

表1 各组细胞活力的比较(n=3)
Table 1 Comparison of cell viability in different groups (n=3)

GroupCell viability (%)Control101.7±9.6IL-6 174.7±7.6∗IL-6+1 mM melatonin 168.3±8.5IL-6+2 mM melatonin 146.7±4.7#IL-6+4 mM melatonin 114.3±6.0#IL-6+6 mM melatonin 91.0±4.6#IL-6+8 mM melatonin 75.1±11.3#

Note:*Compared to control, P<0.05; #Compared to IL-6, P<0.05

二、褪黑素对IL-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞迁移的影响

Transwell检测细胞迁移,结果如图1和表2所示:与对照组相比,IL-6组中迁移细胞数目增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与IL-6组相比,IL-6+褪黑素组中迁移细胞数目减少,且IL-6+褪黑素高剂量组中迁移细胞数目更低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

图1 各组中细胞迁移情况
Figure 1 Cell migration in different groups

表2 各组中迁移细胞数目(n=3)
Table 2 Migrated cell number in different groups (n=3)

GroupMigrated cell numberControl 74.7±6.5IL-6 137.7±10.3∗IL-6+ low-melatonin 108.3±7.0#IL-6+ high-melatonin 95.0±8.9#

Note:*Compared to control, P<0.05; #Compared to IL-6, P<0.05

三、褪黑素对IL-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞EMT的影响

Real-time PCR检测各组细胞E-cadherin和Vimentin mRNA的表达,结果如表3所示:与对照组相比,IL-6组中E-cadherin mRNA表达降低、Vimentin mRNA表达升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与IL-6组相比,IL-6+褪黑素组中E-cadherin mRNA表达增加、Vimentin mRNA表达降低,且IL-6+褪黑素高剂量组中这些变化更加明显,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

Western blot检测各组细胞E-cadherin和Vimentin蛋白的表达量,结果如图2和表3所示:与对照组相比,IL-6组中E-cadherin蛋白表达降低、Vimentin蛋白表达升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与IL-6组相比,IL-6+褪黑素组中E-cadherin蛋白表达增加、Vimentin蛋白表达降低,且IL-6+褪黑素高剂量组中这些变化更加明显,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

表3 各组E-cadherin、Vimentin mRNA和蛋白表达情况(n=3)
Table 3 The mRNA and protein levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin in different groups (n=3)

GroupmRNAE-cadherinVimentinProteinE-cadherinVimentinControl 1.1±0.11.0±0.10.9±0.00.2±0.1IL-6 0.4±0.1∗3.9±0.6∗0.2±0.0∗1.2±0.1∗IL-6+low-melatonin 0.7±0.1#2.5±0.3#0.4±0.1#0.8±0.1#IL-6+high-melatonin 0.9±0.1#1.6±0.2#0.7±0.1#0.4±0.1#

Note:*Compared to control, P<0.05; #Compared to IL-6, P<0.05

图2 各组E-cadherin和Vimentin蛋白表达
Figure 2 The protein levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin in different groups

四、褪黑素能够抑制IL-6诱导的JAK2/STAT3通路

Western blot检测JAK2、p-JAK2、STAT3和p-STAT3蛋白表达,结果如图3和表4所示:与对照组相比,IL-6组中p-JAK2/JAK2和p-STAT3/STAT3的值均增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与IL-6组相比,IL-6+褪黑素组中p-JAK2/JAK2和p-STAT3/STAT3的值降低,且IL-6+褪黑素高剂量组中两比值变化更加明显,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

图3 各组p-JAK2、JAK2、p-STAT3和STAT3蛋白表达
Figure 3 The protein levels of p-JAK2, JAK2, p-STAT3 and STAT3 in different groups

表4 各组中p-JAK2/JAK2和p-STAT3/STAT3值(n=3)
Table 4 The values of p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 in different groups (n=3)

Groupp-JAK2/JAK2p-STAT3/STAT3Control 0.1±0.00.3±0.1IL-6 1.1±0.1∗1.3±0.1∗IL-6+low-melatonin 0.7±0.1#0.9±0.1#IL-6+high-melatonin 0.4±0.1#0.7±0.1#

Note:*Compared to control, P<0.05; #Compared to IL-6, P<0.05

讨 论

研究显示炎症是卵巢癌细胞种植的一个关键因素[10]。IL-6是一个多效性的炎性细胞因子。它在多种肿瘤中表达上调,在肿瘤发生和转移中发挥重要作用[11]。在卵巢癌患者的血清和腹水中发现IL-6的表达上调,其表达与患者的不良预后和卵巢癌细胞的浸润、转移特征相关[5]。IL-6还可以介导卵巢癌细胞的顺铂耐受,促进卵巢癌细胞的EMT[6,12]。本研究发现IL-6能够增加SKOV3细胞的活力、迁移和EMT。

褪黑素具有多种生理功能,包括调节生理节律、免疫调节、抗炎和抗氧化等[13]。大量文献也发现褪黑素对多种肿瘤具有明显的抑制作用[14]。近年来褪黑素在卵巢癌中的作用也逐渐被发现。研究显示褪黑素能够抑制卵巢癌细胞的活力,抑制卵巢癌干细胞的迁移和侵袭、减少其EMT[8-9]。此外,褪黑素与癌细胞EMT的关系近年来也有相关研究。Wang等[15]的研究发现褪黑素能够抑制胃癌细胞的EMT。外源性和内源性褪黑素都可以通过抑制EMT来抑制乳腺癌细胞的转移特性[16]。本研究结果显示褪黑素能够抑制IL-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞活力、迁移和EMT,且呈现出剂量依赖性。

STAT3是一个胞质转录因子,它可以被JAK家族的酶激活,调节细胞因子和生长因子信号。在正常组织中STAT3的活化是被严格控制的,但是在超过70%的实体瘤和血液肿瘤中,磷酸化激活的STAT3是组成型表达的[17]。JAK2/STAT3通路的活化能够调节多种癌症的发生和发展,促进癌症的浸润、转移和EMT[18-19]。在卵巢癌中STAT3持续活化,抑制JAK/STAT3通路能够抑制卵巢癌细胞的生长[17]。在癌细胞中发现,IL-6诱导的EMT与JAK2/STAT3通路的活化密切相关[19]。本研究中我们发现在SKOV3细胞中IL-6也能够促进JAK2/STAT3通路的活化。Kang等[20]的研究显示在巨噬细胞中褪黑素抑制内脂素诱导的诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达和一氧化氮产物与JAK2/STAT3通路的活化被抑制相关。本研究发现与IL-6组相比,p-JAK2/JAK2和p-STAT3/STAT3的值在IL-6+褪黑素组中降低,且具有剂量依赖性。这表明在SKOV3细胞中褪黑素可以抑制IL-6诱导的JAK2/STAT3通路的活化。总之,本研究结果表明褪黑素能够抑制IL-6诱导的卵巢癌SKOV3细胞EMT,这可能是通过抑制JAK2/STAT3通路的活化发挥作用的。本研究结果为褪黑素用于卵巢癌的治疗提供了实验依据。

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Melatonin attenuates IL-6-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells

XIE Tingting, LI Wenhui, SU Ying, HAN Bijie, YU Yuecheng.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital of the Air Force Medical University, Xian 710032, Shanxi Province, China

[Abstract] Objective This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of melatonin on interleukin (IL)-6-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells.MethodsSKOV3 cells were treated with different concentrations of melatonin (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM) and 50 ng/mL IL-6. Two concentrations of melatonin were selected by cell viability determined using CCK-8 assay. Then, SKOV3 cells were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group (treated with nothing), the IL-6 group (treated with 50 ng/mL IL-6), the IL-6+melatonin-low group (co-treated with 50 ng/mL IL-6 and 2 mM melatonin), and the IL-6+melatonin-high group (co-treated with 50 ng/mL IL-6 and 4 mM melatonin). After stimulation with IL-6 for 48 h, migrated cell number was detected by transwell. The mRNA expressions of E-cadherin and Vimentin were analyzed by real-time PCR. The protein levels of E-cadherin, Vimentin, Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), phosphorylation of JAK2 (p-JAK2), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylation of STAT3 (p-STAT3) were measured by western blot.ResultsMelatonin could inhibit IL-6-elevated cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. 2 mM and 4 mM of melatonin were used in the following study. Compared with the control group, migrated cell numbers, the mRNA and protein levels of Vimentin, p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 were increased, and the mRNA and protein levels of E-cadherin were decreased in the IL-6 group (all P<0.05). Compared with the IL-6 group, migrated cell numbers, the mRNA and protein levels of Vimentin, p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 were reduced, and the mRNA and protein levels of E-cadherin were elevated in the IL-6+melatonin group, and these changes were more obvious in the IL-6+melatonin-high group (all P<0.05).ConclusionMelatonin can suppress IL-6-induced EMT in ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells, which may be related to the inactivation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling.

[Key words] Melatonin; IL-6; SKOV3 cells; Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; JAK2/STAT3

作者单位:710032 西安,空军军医大学附属西京医院妇产科

通讯作者:于月成(yuecheng_yyc@163.com)

(收稿日期:2018-11-05)