·妇儿临床·

278例绝经10年以上妇女子宫内膜病理结果分析

钱翠凤 姚晓英

【摘要】 目的 探讨绝经10年以上妇女子宫内膜厚度(ET)与病理结果的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2013年12月至2015年8月期间绝经10年以上在门诊行诊断性刮宫的278例妇女的病理资料,根据术前阴道超声检测ET,分为ET<5 mm、5 mm≤ET<10 mm、ET≥10 mm及宫腔占位4组,比较各组病理结果情况;术后根据病理结果分为正常、子宫内膜息肉、恶性肿瘤和其他4组,分析比较各组ET的差异。 结果 278例妇女中,发现子宫内膜恶性28例(26例子宫内膜恶性肿瘤+不典型增生2例),子宫内膜息肉134例,正常内膜97例,其他19例;26例子宫内膜恶性肿瘤患者中有22例内膜恶性肿瘤患者,其中仅1例因体检子宫内膜增厚就诊,其余均因阴道流血就诊。不同ET子宫内膜组内膜恶性肿瘤比较,差异无统计学意义。恶性肿瘤组ET(10.6 mm)大于病理正常组(5.3 mm),差异有统计学意义。 结论 绝经后阴道流血仍是病理诊断的首要指征,诊断性刮宫是安全、简便、准确率高的方法。

【关键词】 绝经后; 子宫内膜增厚; 子宫内膜癌

随着社会健康水平的提高,人们对癌症的警惕性不断提高。早期预防、早期诊断、早期治疗成为对付癌症的重要方法。子宫内膜癌是老年妇女常见的恶性肿瘤,威胁着老年妇女的健康,绝经后子宫内膜增厚是临床上重点关注的问题。本文分析了278例绝经10年以上在本院行诊断性刮宫或者分段诊刮的妇女的内膜病理资料,结果报道如下。

资料与方法

一、一般资料

回顾性分析2013年12月—2015年8月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院因绝经后阴道流或其他原因需行诊断性刮宫并行门诊手术的278例老年妇女的病史资料,妇女年龄在53~86岁,平均年龄(65.4±5.6)岁,入组要求绝经10年及以上,有或无阴道流血,无雌激素或孕激素治疗记录,无严重内科合并症,术前经阴道超声测子宫内膜厚度(endometrial thickness,ET)。

二、方法

1.分组:根据术前阴道超声测量双层ET,分为ET<5 mm、5 mm≤ET<10 mm、ET≥10 mm及宫腔占位4组。术后根据病理结果,分为病理正常、子宫内膜息肉、子宫内膜恶性肿瘤(内膜癌、癌肉瘤、内膜不典型增生过长)、其他4组。收集ET、诊刮手术记录、病理结果,并随访行全子宫切除患者的病理情况。

2.手术方式:手术均在非麻醉状态下由腹部B超监护下完成,术前充盈膀胱,由至少工作10年以上有经验的医生操作,术后常规予口服抗生素预防感染。

3.统计学处理:分析不同ET与病理结果的关系,不同病理结果与子宫内膜厚度的关系,采用SPSS 23.0软件,两组或多组样本计数比较采用卡方检验和精确Fisher检验;两组或多组样本间构成比的比较采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

结 果

278例老年妇女诊刮病理结果显示,正常内膜97例[(34.9%, 97/278);包含30例取材不够,病理仅见腺上皮或黏液,手术操作均成功,其中22例(73.3%, 22/30)ET≤5mm;子宫内膜息肉134例(48.2%, 134/278),粘膜下肌瘤8例(2.9%, 8/278),子宫内膜炎症6例(2.2%, 6/278),子宫内膜恶性肿瘤26例(9.4%,26/278;其中内膜癌24例,癌肉瘤2例),不典型增生2例,单纯型增生过长1例,复杂型增生过长2例,宫颈鳞癌2例。26例子宫内膜恶性肿瘤患者中有22例在本院行全子宫切除,病理类型均与诊刮术病理符合,22例中除1例为常规体检发现子宫内膜增厚8 mm,其余均因绝经后出血就诊;2例不典型增生中1例全子宫切除病理为内膜样腺癌,1例为单纯型增生过长;2例复杂型增生过长全子宫切除病理为复杂型增生过长;1例正常子宫内膜患者(ET=7 mm)因子宫肌瘤行全子宫切除术,病理诊断为局灶复杂不典型增生过长(直径5 mm)。没有子宫穿孔或者大量出血的并发症发生,不典型增生过长和内膜癌的诊断符合率为95.8%(23/24)。ET<5 mm组内膜恶性肿瘤的比例与5 mm≤ET<10 mm、ET≥10 mm及宫腔占位组比较,差异均无统计学意义。见表1。

不典型增生是可能进展为内膜癌的癌前病变,故纳入恶性肿瘤组分析。超声提示宫腔占位者73例,将这73例另外统计。剩下205例中(表2),病理正常78例,ET平均5.3 mm(1~17 mm);内膜恶性肿瘤组19例,平均厚度10.6 mm(3~21 mm);子宫内膜息肉95例,平均厚度8.4 mm(2~19 mm),其他13例(内膜炎、粘膜下肌瘤、增生过长、宫颈癌);病理正常组ET与恶性肿瘤组及子宫内膜息肉组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义。

表1 278例诊刮病理结果[例(%)]
Table 1 Histopathological findings of 278 cases [n(%)]

HistopathologyET<5 mm5 mm≤ET<10 mmET≥10 mmAbnormal occupancyTotalNormal30(69.8)41(37.3)7(13.5)19(26.0)97(34.9)Endometrial polyps6(14.0)59(53.6)30(57.8)39(53.4)134(48.2)Hysteromyoma0 4(3.6)1(1.9)3(4.1) 8(2.9)Endometritis2(4.7) 01(1.9)3(4.1) 6(2.2)Simple hyperplasia0 01(1.9)0 1(0.4)Complex hyperplasia0 02(3.8)0 2(0.7)Atypical hyperplasia0 1(0.9)1(1.9)0 2(0.7)Endometrial carcinoma3(7.0) 5(4.5)9(17.3)9(12.3)26(9.4)Cervical cancer2(4.7) 000 2(0.7)Total43(15.5)110(39.6)52(18.7)73(26.3)278(100.0)

表2 除宫腔占位外205例病理结果[例(%)]
Table 2 histopathologicalfindings of 205 cases [n(%)]

HistopathologyET<5 mm5mm≤ET<10 mmET≥10 mmTotalAverage ET(mm)Normal30(69.8)41(37.3)7(13.5)78(38.0)5.3∗Endometrial polyps6(14.0)59(53.6)30(57.8)95(46.3)8.4∗Endometrialcarcinoma3(7.0) 6(5.5)10(19.2)19(9.3)10.6∗Others4(9.3) 4(3.6)5(9.6)13(6.3)8.7Total43(21.0)110(53.6)52(25.4)205(100)7.4

ET was significantly higher in endometrial carcinoma and polyp group than in normal group,*P<0.05

讨 论

在世界范围内,子宫内膜癌是第六大常见的恶性肿瘤,发病率随着预期寿命的延长而增加,高收入地区的发病率高于低收入地区。子宫内膜癌早期多因异常阴道流血被诊断,故一般认为子宫内膜癌的筛查意义不大。绝经后出现阴道流血均应行内膜癌风险评估,超声是首选的检查方法,当ET<5 mm时,其阴性预测价值高达96%,推荐对ET为5 mm以上的妇女进行病理诊断以减少不必要的诊刮术[1]。然而,此后的Meta分析[2-3]指出,采用5 mm的阈值漏诊率不低,推荐对有绝经后出血的妇女,即使ET<5 mm仍应进行病理诊断。最近的Meta分析[4]指出,采用4 mm和5 mm阈值的敏感度分别为94.8%和90.3%,特异度分别为46.7%和54.0%;而3 mm的敏感度高达97.9%,特异度为35.4%;因此推荐采用3 mm的阈值。Wong等[5]研究香港绝经1年以上有阴道流血症状的4 383例患者,采用超声ET 3 mm、ET 4 mm、ET 5 mm阈值的敏感度分别为97.0%、94.1%、93.5%,特异度分别为45.3%、66.8%、74.0%,因此提出以3 mm为界,同时指出即使ET<3 mm,且反复有阴道流血的妇女仍应进行重新评估。目前,国内临床上对绝经后出血的患者积极获取病理诊断,本研究中ET<5 mm的患者中检出内膜癌3例,分别为4 mm、3 mm和4 mm,均有绝经后阴道流血的症状,说明仅凭ET漏诊率不低;不同ET组的恶性肿瘤比例,差异无统计学意义,22例恶性肿瘤中仅1例为体检时发现内膜增厚,其余均有绝经后出血的症状,提示绝经后出血仍是病理诊断的首要指征。

随着人们预期寿命的延长和体检的普及,筛查出越来越多无症状子宫内膜增厚,对于这些妇女是否需要行病理检查目前仍有争议。子宫内膜癌筛查的意义不大,仅推荐在遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌(Lynch综合征)妇女中进行,因为这些妇女一生罹患内膜癌的几率是40%~60%[6]。无症状绝经后ET多厚需要病理检查呢?一项针对未使用激素替代治疗或他莫西芬的绝经后妇女的meta分析总结了数十年的文献数据,发现无症状的绝经后妇女平均ET为2.9 mm,子宫内膜癌和不典型增生的发病率分别为0.62%和0.59%,由于发病率低,无法统计不同ET检测内膜癌和内膜不典型增生的诊断价值[7]。Smith-Bindmand等[8]认为当无症状绝经后妇女的ET>11 mm时,其患内膜癌的风险为6.7%,与有绝经后出血的妇女ET≥5 mm时的风险相似。在Giannella等[9]的研究中ET<10 mm的无症状绝经后妇女未发现内膜癌。Jacobs 等[10]筛查了37 038位绝经后妇女(有或无阴道流血)的ET,随访一年内发生内膜癌及不典型增生共136例,以ET≥5 mm的敏感度为80.5%,特异度为85.7%;对无症状妇女ET≥5 mm的敏感度和特异度分别为77.1%和85.5%,均低于有症状的女性。Saatli等[11]对530例无症状绝经后ET≥5 mm的妇女进行内膜取样,仅检出5例内膜癌,平均106例检出1例。甚至有研究提出无症状妇女ET<15 mm无需内膜活检[12]。对无症状妇女的筛查可能造成大量的内膜活检、诊刮术或者宫腔镜操作,除了需要大量的财力投入,也带来不必要的身心创伤,其经济-效益学评价还需进一步探讨。也有学者认为在内膜癌高危人群中筛查(比如肥胖、高龄、糖尿病等)可以提高敏感度和特异度,但还需要更大数据的研究来确定筛查范围[10]。仅目前而言,对超声发现的无症状内膜增厚还需个体化分析,国内由于临床医生担心漏诊,因此,对ET为5 mm以上妇女仍相当积极获取病理诊断。在本次研究中,未记录所有患者有无绝经后出血的症状,仅以ET来作判断是一个不足,但是在22例手术患者中仅1例因体检发现内膜厚而得到诊断,也提示无症状内膜增厚发生内膜癌的几率不是很高。

获取病理诊断可以使用多种一次性器材进行子宫内膜活检(如Pipelle,Tao-brush等)、诊断性刮宫,有些病例可以采用宫腔镜直视下取材。当临床症状和超声检查提示高度可疑内膜癌时,诊断性刮宫仍是快速、简便、经济的标准方案。随着生活水平的提高和体检的普及,病理检查的需求增加,尤其无症状内膜增厚的增加,诊刮造成的疼痛和创伤限制了它的广泛使用。许多发达国家和地区推荐子宫内膜吸取活检作为筛查方案,明显减轻了疼痛感,可接受度高[13],而且文献报道其与诊刮术有相近的诊断价值[14-16],但更多文献指出吸取活检术只能取少量组织,更容易漏诊体积较小的病变,尤其对子宫内膜息肉的诊断价值低,且取材失败也是不容忽视的问题(有20%未育女性和8%已育女性),所以对阴性病理结果的解读需要谨慎[17-19];而宫腔镜由于可以直观观察宫腔情况,定点活检,故被认为是诊断宫腔病变的最准确方法,宫腔镜活检病理与子宫切除术后组织病理比较一致性可高达89%,明显高于诊刮(70%)[14],但是器材和费用支出限制了其使用范围。研究表明,目前任何一种术前诊断方法都不能完全排除内膜癌的漏诊,且与子宫切除术后的病理结果之间存在一定差异[14,20];诊断性刮宫由于操作简单,不受器材影响,在国内当前经济水平下仍作为获取病理的首选方法,其对高度可疑内膜癌的诊断准确性高,同时可为宫颈癌的诊断提供线索;一次仔细的诊刮能够了解宫腔的大小、形态以及宫腔器质性病变如黏膜下肌瘤或子宫内膜息肉等。绝经后子宫明显萎缩,子宫质软,存在较高的穿孔风险,B超下手术可以显著提高手术的安全性。本研究对象为绝经10年以上的老年妇女,最大年龄86岁,均在门诊完成了手术,没有子宫穿孔或者大量出血的并发症发生,即使绝经年龄大,由有经验的医生操作也是安全可行的。22例内膜癌手术病理类型与诊刮病理均符合,2例不典型增生过长中1例最终确诊为内膜癌,不典型增生过长和内膜癌的诊断符合率为95.8%(23/24)。此外,通过分段诊刮发现了2例宫颈癌的患者。

本研究初步探讨了ET与病理结果的关系,不足之处是未能收集高危因素如BMI、糖尿病、HRT等,没有区分有无绝经后出血的临床症状,对取材不够的对象缺少进一步的随访。30例取材不够中有22例(73.3%)ET≤5 mm,参考以往的经验认为这部分对象患内膜癌的几率极低[5],4例ET在5~10 mm之间,3例有局灶性回声,1例ET为17 mm在之后随访时ET为5 mm,虽然这些对象在诊刮术后3个月内未有内膜恶性肿瘤的发生,但缺少随访的结果。目前,缺少绝经10年以上ET的数据参考,本研究中恶性肿瘤组ET显著高于正常组,但是不同ET恶性肿瘤的发生率并无显著差异,因此无法得出绝经10年以上妇女正常ET的参考,老年妇女绝经后阴道流血仍是诊刮的首选指征。

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Pathological analysis of endometrium in 278 postmenopausal women over 10 years of menopause

QIAN Cuifeng, YAO Xiaoying.

Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between endometrial thickness(ET) and pathological diagnosis in postmenopausal women over 10 years of menopause. Methods The pathological data of 278 postmenopausal women who underwent diagnostic curettage for more than 10 years from December 2013 to August 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the preoperative transvaginal ultrasonography of ET, four groups was divided:ET < 5 mm, 5 mm < ET < 10 mm, ET < 10 mm and intrauterine abnormal occupancy. The pathological results of each group were compared. The patients were divided into 4 groups:normal, endometrial polyps, malignant endometrial carcinoma and others according to the pathological results. The differences of ET in each group were analyzed and compared. Results Among 278 women, 28 cases were Malignant Endometrium, 134 were endometrial polyps, 97 were normal endometrium and 19 were others. 22 cases were diagnosed malignant endometrial carcinoma among 26 patients with malignant endometrial carcinoma, only one case sought medical advice due to endometrial thickening which found in physical examination, and others were treated for vaginal bleeding. There was no significant difference in endometrial malignant tumors between different ET endometrial groups. ET in malignant tumors group (10.6 mm) was higher than that in pathological normal group (5.3 mm), and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding was the primary indication of pathological diagnosis. Diagnostic curettage is a safe, simple and accurate method.

[Key words] postmenopausal; endometrial thickening; endometrial cancer

作者单位:200011上海,复旦大学附属妇产科医院

通讯作者:姚晓英(yaoxiaoying@smmail.cn)

(收稿日期:2018-09-10)