·妇幼保健·

上皮性卵巢肿瘤患者术前外周血血小板及相关参数的临床分析

汤妍妍 郭秋艳 张广美

【摘要】 目的 探讨血小板(PLT)及相关参数,如血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、血小板与中性粒细胞比值(PNR)、血小板与单核细胞比值(PMR)在上皮性卵巢肿瘤患者术前外周血中的临床意义。 方法 收集2015年6月—2018年6月于哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院初次行卵巢肿瘤手术的272例患者的临床资料,依据病理类型分为良性组和恶性组。其中,良性组175例,均为浆液性囊腺瘤和黏液性囊腺瘤。恶性组97例,依据二元理论分为I型组和II型组,I型组(低级别卵巢浆液性癌、低级别卵巢子宫内膜样癌、卵巢透明细胞癌、黏液性癌)34例,II型组(高级别卵巢浆液性癌、高级别卵巢子宫内膜样癌、卵巢未分化癌、癌肉瘤)63例;依据病理分期分为I-II期组和III-IV期组,I-II期组52例,III-IV期组45例。收集患者入院后,在未接受任何药物或手术治疗之前抽取空腹血常规,然后整理血常规结果中的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、血小板、血小板比积及血小板平均体积、血小板分布宽度,并计算PLR 、PNR、PMR数值。上述各指标均采用表示,采用两独立样本t检验分析各指标在良性组和恶性组,I型组和II型组及I-II期组和III-IV期组之间的差异,绘制ROC曲线评价PLT、PLR对恶性组病理分期和PNR、PMR对恶性组病理分型的预测效果。 结果 卵巢良恶性肿瘤比较中,恶性组中性粒细胞、单核细胞、血小板升高,淋巴细胞降低,PLR升高(P均<0.05);PNR和PMR降低,但差异无统计学意义。在卵巢癌病理分期中,PLT及PLR在III-IV期中较在I-II期中升高,差异有统计学意义;PLR对卵巢癌分期有一定预测效果 (AUC=0.62,P=0.03),最佳临界点为192.73;而PLT对恶性组分期预测效果无统计学意义。在卵巢癌病理分型中,PNR、PMR在I型卵巢癌中比在II型卵巢癌中降低,差异具有统计学意义;PNR、PMR对卵巢癌I型及II型的预测效果均无统计学意义,但PNR曲线下面积(AUC)为0.58,临界点取72.45时,特异性为73.53%。 结论 卵巢癌患者术前外周血PLT、PLR 与卵巢癌病理分期有关,PNR、PMR与卵巢癌病理类型I型和II型之间可能存在着密切的关系,这对于卵巢癌的病情分析及治疗有所帮助。

【关键词】 血小板(PLT); 血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR); 血小板与中性粒细胞比值(PNR); 血小板与单核细胞比值(PMR); 卵巢肿瘤

基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目(81772780)

作者单位:150001 哈尔滨,哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院妇产科

通讯作者:张广美(guangmeizhang@126.com)

Clinical significance of platelets and related parameters in patients with epithelial ovarian tumor before operation

TANG YanyanGUO QiuyanZHANG Guangmei. The department of obstetrics and gynecology, the first affiliated hospital of Harbin medical universityHeilongjiang 150001, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical significance of platelets and their related parameters such as platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet to neutrophil ratio (PNR), and platelet to mononuclear ratio (PMR) in peripheral blood of patients with epithelial ovarian tumor before operation. Methods 272 patients who underwent the first operation of ovarian tumor surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from June 2015 to June 2018 were collected and divided into the benign group and the malignant group according to the pathological type of the tumor. Among them, the benign group included 175 cases, all of which were serous and mucinous cystadenomas, and the malignant group included 97 cases. According to the binary theory, the malignant group was divided into type I and type II group, with 34 cases in type I group (including low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, low-grade ovarian endometrioid carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma of ovary and mucinous carcinoma) and 63 cases in type II group(including high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, high-grade ovarian endometrioid carcinoma, undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma, and carcinosarcoma). According to the pathological stages, the malignant group was divided into stage I-II group (52 cases) and stage III-IV group (45 cases). The results of fasting peripheral blood routine results were collected after admission before any drug or surgical treatment was given, and neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width were collected from the peripheral blood routine results, and PLR, PNR and PMR were calculated. The above indexes were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the t-test of two independent samples was used to analyze the difference between the benign group and the malignant group, the type I group and the type II group, and the stage I-II group and the stage III-IV group. The ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the prediction effect of PLT and PLR on the pathological stage of the malignant group and PNR and PMR on the pathological type of the malignant group. Results Compared with benign and malignant group, neutrophils, monocytes and platelets in malignant group increased, lymphocyte decreased; PLR increased (P<0.01); PNR and PMR decreased while there was no statistical significance. In the pathological stage of malignant group, PLT and PLR were significantly higher in stage III-IV group than in stage I-II group(P<0.05); PLR had a certain predictive effect on malignant stage (AUC=0.62, P=0.03), and the critical point was 192.73; PLT had no statistical significance on the prediction of malignant stage. In the pathological type of malignant group, PNR and PMR were lower in type I group than in type II group, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05); PNR and PMR had no statistical significance on predicting type I and II group, but the area under curve (AUC) of PNR was 0.58, and the specificity was 73.53% when the critical point was 72.45. Conclusion PLT and PLR in preoperative peripheral blood of patients with ovarian cancer are associated with pathological stage of ovarian cancer. PNR and PMR may be closely related to the pathological types I and II, which may be helpful for the analysis and treatment of ovarian cancer.

[Key words] platelets (PLT); platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR); platelet to neutrophil ratio (PNR); platelet to monocyte ratio (PMR); ovarian tumor

卵巢癌在妇科肿瘤中位居第三位,仅次于宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌,但其死亡率却位居第一,近年来,卵巢癌的发病率呈逐年上升趋势[1]。上皮性卵巢癌约占卵巢恶性肿瘤的85%~90%,是妇科恶性肿瘤中死亡率最高的疾病,5年存活率仅为30%左右[2]。由于对卵巢癌的起源、发生机制等领域的认识不足,卵巢癌早期诊断和有效治疗方法的探索受到极大限制[3]

近年的研究证据表明,卵巢癌由卵巢表面生发上皮起源假说的说法缺乏科学依据,卵巢外起源学说则引起高度重视[4]。2004年美国病理学家Shih和Kurman教授提出了上皮性卵巢癌的二元理论[5],卵巢癌的二元理论将卵巢癌分为两种类型,即I型和II型卵巢癌。I型卵巢癌包括低级别卵巢浆液性癌、低级别卵巢子宫内膜样癌以及卵巢透明细胞癌、黏液性癌。II型卵巢癌包括高级别卵巢浆液性癌、高级别卵巢子宫内膜样癌以及卵巢未分化癌和癌肉瘤。

许多研究已证实,慢性炎症、血小板(platelets,PLT)增多和PLT过度反应与恶性肿瘤有关[6]。PLT功能紊乱和其绝对或相对数量的不平衡导致了持续的炎症,并导致了包括卵巢癌在内的恶性肿瘤的血管内血栓形成[7]。近年来,对于PLT的相关研究相对较少,而且大多局限于PLT与淋巴细胞比值(platelet to lymphocyte ratio,PLR)的研究,发现 PLR可能与卵巢癌患者预后相关[8],然而对于PLT其他相关参数却很少有人进行研究。本文探讨PLT及相关参数在新提出的卵巢癌病理类型分类及不同国际妇产科(FIGO)分期中是否存在意义,并比较卵巢良恶性肿瘤患者术前外周血的血细胞及PLT参数等;提出新的PLT参数,即PLT与中性粒比值(platelet to neutrophil ratio,PNR),PLT与单核细胞比值(platelet to monocyte ratio,PMR)。

对象与方法

一、对象

选取2015年6月—2018年6月于哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院初次行手术治疗的272例卵巢上皮性肿瘤患者为研究对象,年龄12~86岁,平均年龄(41.9±13.4)岁。其中,良性卵巢上皮性肿瘤患者均为浆液性囊腺瘤和黏液性囊腺瘤,共175例。恶性卵巢上皮性肿瘤患者97例,按照二元理论分型标准,其中,I型34例(低级别卵巢浆液性癌10例、低级别卵巢子宫内膜样癌8例、卵巢透明细胞癌5例、卵巢黏液性癌11例),II型63例(高级别卵巢浆液性癌48例、高级别卵巢子宫内膜样癌12例、卵巢未分化癌1例、癌肉瘤2例);按照FIGO临床分期标准,其中I-II期52例,III-IV期45例。排除标准:其他恶性肿瘤、妇科手术史、移植史;自身免疫性疾病;糖尿病、甲状腺疾病;急、慢性感染性疾病;术前进行过放化疗;术前使用过抗生素类药物;严重的肝、肾功能损伤;血栓及出血性或其他血液系统疾病。凡符合的病理类型,除外排除标准后均可纳入。

二、方法

1. 资料收集及处理:首先根据术后病理结果确定初步纳入实验的病例资料,查阅患者相关病史,除外包含排除标准的相关资料,然后根据手术记录及术后病理进一步确定肿瘤的良恶性、组织学类型、病理分级和病理分期(以FIGO分类系统为基础)。依据良恶性分为良性组和恶性组,其中,良性组175例,恶性组97例。在恶性组中,依据二元理论分为I型组和II型组,其中I型组34例,II型组63例;依据病理分期分为I-II期组和III-IV期组,其中I-II期组52例,III-IV期组45例。收集纳入实验的患者临床资料,临床资料均为患者入院后,在未接受任何药物或手术治疗之前所抽取的空腹血常规结果,所有结果均为哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院临检室检测,标本种类均为EDTAK2抗凝静脉血2 ml。然后对血常规结果中的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、PLT、PLT比积及PLT平均体积、PLT分布宽度等指标进行整理,并计算PLR 、PNR、PMR数值。

2. 统计学处理:应用R 3.5.3软件进行统计学分析,计量资料均满足正态性和方差齐性的条件,采用表示,采用两独立样本t检验,绘制ROC曲线评价各临床指标对恶性患者分型和分期的预测效果,计算约登指数,以约登指数最大时为最佳诊断点,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

结 果

一、血细胞及PLT相关参数在卵巢良恶性肿瘤之间的差异

对良性组及恶性组病例的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、PLT、PLT比积及PLT平均体积、PLT分布宽度和PLR、PNR、PMR进行比较发现,与良性组相比,恶性组中性粒细胞、单核细胞、PLT升高(P<0.05),淋巴细胞降低(P<0.05),PLT比积、PLT平均体积与PLT分布宽度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),PLR升高(P<0.05),而PNR和PMR降低(P>0.05)。见表1。

二、PLT 、PLR、PNR、PMR在卵巢癌病理分期及病理分型中的差异

对恶性组不同分期的比较发现,PLT及PLR在III-IV期中较在I-II期中升高,差异有统计学意义,其他指标差异均无统计学意义。见表2。

表1 良性组与恶性组间外周血细胞指标的比较

Table 1 Comparison of peripheral blood cell markers between benign group and malignant group

GroupNNeutrophil×109∕L)Lymphocyte(×109∕L)Monocy(×109∕L)PLT(×109∕L)PCT (%)Malignant group974.77±2.32∗1.78±0.63∗0.37±0.17∗287.49±90.48∗0.29±0.09Benign group1753.81±1.682.01±0.690.31±0.12255.88±60.300.38±1.11GroupNMPV(fl)PDW(fl)PLRPNRPMRMalignant group9719.19±8.9012.11±2.26182.99±100.26∗69.20±28.62859.32±275.76Benign group17510.32±1.7012.39±2.65140.78±55.37 76.13±29.55946.62±457.42

Note:Compared with the Benign group, *P<0.05;Plateletcrit=PCT, Mean platelet volume=MPV, Platelet distribution width=PDW

表2 恶性组I-II期和III-IV期间外周血细胞指标的比较

Table 2 Comparison of peripheral blood cell indices between stage I-II and stage III-IV in malignant group

GroupNNeutrophil(×109∕L)Lymphocyte(×109∕L)Monocyte(×109∕L)PLT(×109∕L)PCT(%)Stage I-II 524.45±2.171.88±0.690.36±0.18270.48±70.42 0.28±0.07Stage III-IV 454.92±1.901.67±0.540.37±0.15308.31±107.60∗0.31±0.11GroupNMPV(fl)PDW(fl)PLRPNRPMRStage I-II 5210.29±0.9411.92±1.97162.58±75.07 71.04±30.12828.28±244.64Stage III-IV 4529.79±1.4712.16±2.30206.34±121.11∗68.22±26.13904.12±304.30

Note:Compared with the Stage I-II group, *P<0.05;Plateletcrit=PCT, Mean platelet volume=MPV, Platelet distribution width=PDW

对恶性组中不同病理分型的血细胞及血小板相关参数进行比较,结果显示,PNR、PMR在I型卵巢癌中比在II型卵巢癌中降低,差异具有统计学意义,其他指标差异均无统计学意义。见表3。

三、PLT、PLR、PNR、PMR对卵巢癌病理分期及分型的预测效果

PLR对恶性组分期有一定预测效果 (AUC=0.62,P=0.03),灵敏度为45.45%,特异度为81.13%,最佳临界点为192.72;而PLT对恶性组分期预测效果无统计学意义。见图1。

在分型中,PNR、PMR对卵巢癌I型及II型的预测效果均无统计学意义,但PNR曲线下面积(AUC)为0.58,灵敏度为47.62%,临界点取72.45时,特异性为73.53%。见图2。

讨 论

流行病学的研究结果表明,良恶性肿瘤均与机体长期的慢性炎症有关[9],炎症可以促进或抑制肿瘤的生长。PLT是一种多功能的免疫相关细胞,恶性肿瘤患者常伴有PLT增多[10]。 国内外报道,卵巢癌、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌均与PLT增多有关[11]。近年来,关于PLT与卵巢癌的相关研究越来越多。Man等[12]研究发现PLT计数影响卵巢癌的分期和能否行根治术,PLT增多与不良的总生存期(overall survival,OS)相关。也有研究表明,PLT增多更容易复发和发生淋巴结转移。本实验的结果与既往研究结果相同,发现PLT在恶性卵巢肿瘤中明显升高,并与恶性肿瘤的分期相关,差异有统计学意义。

表3 恶性组I型与II型间外周血细胞指标的比较

Table 3 Comparison of peripheral blood cell indices between type I and type II in malignant group

GroupNNeutrophil(×109∕L)Lymphocyte(×109∕L)Monocyte(×109∕L)PLT(×109∕L)PCT(%)Type I 345.04±2.531.83±0.640.35±0.12271.42±72.510.27±0.07Type II 634.63±2.211.75±0.630.38±0.19296.16±99.050.30±0.10GroupNMPV(fl)PDW(fl)PLRPNRPMRType I 3410.25±0.9912.09±2.14172.64±84.43 60.95±29.07784.50±247.90Type II 6323.87±0.8712.13±2.34188.57±108.0773.65±29.57∗899.70±266.61∗

Note:Compared with the Type I group, *P<0.05;Plateletcrit=PCT, Mean platelet volume=MPV, Platelet distribution width=PDW

图1 PLR对恶性组分期预测效果评价

Figure 1 Evaluation of prediction effect of PLR on malignant group stage

图2 PNR对恶性组分型预测效果评价

Figure 2 Evaluation of predictive effect of PNR on malignant group type

PLT相关参数PLR已经被作为一种炎症指标,对其的研究也越来越深入。Voloshin等[13]在对卵巢良性肿瘤与卵巢癌进行比较的研究中发现,恶性病例中PLR显著升高。Tian等[14]还通过Meta分析显示PLR升高显著降低了卵巢癌患者的OS,PLR可作为卵巢癌预后的独立预测因子。张立伟等[15]实验表明,PLR的最佳临界值为151时,对区分卵巢癌III-IV期和I-II期差异有统计学意义。本实验的研究结果与张立伟等研究相同,证明PLR在III-IV期卵巢癌中明显升高,差异具有统计学意义,最佳临界点为192.73,对卵巢癌分期预测的灵敏度为45.45%,特异性为81.13%。PLR的升高可能与晚期卵巢癌中PLT明显升高有关。卵巢癌患者肿瘤细胞可分泌白介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6),进而促进肝脏分泌PLT生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO),TPO促进骨髓PLT的生成,PLT反过来促进肿瘤组织分泌IL-6,如此形成恶性循环[16]。增多的PLT存在于肿瘤细胞周围微环境中,释放转化生长因子(transforming growth factor β , TGF-β),促进癌细胞的增殖和转移,癌细胞与PLT接触还可激活相关信号通路,导致肿瘤上皮间质转化和侵袭[17]。同时淋巴细胞数量降低,这可能与晚期癌症免疫功能进一步降低有关,淋巴细胞可介导机体的免疫反应,参与针对肿瘤的免疫监视及免疫抑制作用[18],但具体的机制还有待研究。

此外,本实验发现新提出的PLT参数PNR和PMR在II型卵巢癌中明显升高,且差异具有统计学意义。根据实验结果可知,与I型卵巢癌相比,II型卵巢癌中中性粒细胞轻度降低,单核细胞轻度升高,而PLT升高幅度较为明显。白细胞也被证实作为一种炎症细胞可以释放血管内皮生长因子,趋化因子及蛋白酶刺激血管生成,从而促进肿瘤的发生、发展[19]。但在恶性程度更高,期别更晚的卵巢癌中可能PLT的改变及作用较白细胞更加明显。通过ROC分析结果显示,PNR和PMR虽对卵巢癌I型及II型的预测效果均无统计学意义,但PNR的临界点为72.45时,对卵巢癌病理分型预测效果的特异性相对较高(73.53%),曲线下面积(AUC)为0.58。I型卵巢癌包含了黏液性癌,也有实验表明,黏液性癌产生的黏液可能存在于患者的血清中,它们与PLT、内皮细胞或白细胞的受体相互作用,从而介导PLT与白细胞之间的不良反应[20]。而本实验所得的PNR和PMR在I型和II型卵巢癌之间的差异是真实存在还是由于黏液性癌导致的暂不清楚,还有待进一步研究。近几年提出的二元理论认为,I型卵巢癌多为临床早期,预后较好;II型癌大多确诊时已为进展期,呈高度侵袭性病程,发现时往往已有盆腹腔的广泛性播散、种植,预后较差[4]。由于本实验对患者生存期调查暂未全部完成,对于PNR、PMR是否与卵巢癌患者预后相关,是否可以作为卵巢癌分型预测指标,将作为本实验接下来的研究目标。

与卵巢良性肿瘤相比,卵巢癌中中性粒细胞、单核细胞、PLT升高,淋巴细胞降低,PLR升高,差异均具有统计学意义,而PNR及PMR在卵巢良恶性肿瘤中差异均无统计学意义,可能是由于本实验样本数量较少,以及存在以往病例病史(排除标准)采集不充分情况,所以结果可能存在误差或使得某些差异不尽明显。

本实验的临床意义在于为炎症在卵巢癌的发生和发展过程中所起的作用提供证据。PLT及PLR在III-IV期卵巢癌中升高(P<0.05),支持了PLT及PLR与卵巢癌的分期相关。而PNR和PMR可以作为新的炎症指标,并有可能影响卵巢癌的预后或成为二元理论的分型指标,以及对卵巢癌的诊疗提供辅助作用。

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(收稿日期:2019-01-14)