·妇幼保健·
子宫内膜癌是发达国家女性生殖系统最常见的恶性肿瘤。中国的发病率近年来也逐渐升高,北京、上海等发达城市子宫内膜癌的发病率已超过宫颈癌,成为妇科恶性肿瘤中发病率最高的肿瘤。近年来,研究证实,肿瘤的发生与机体的免疫炎症反应关系密切。中性粒细胞增多、淋巴细胞减少和血小板增多是最常见的全身性改变[1-2]。系统性炎症反应(SIR),如淋巴细胞减少,导致中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)增加,被认为是肿瘤进展和侵袭的机制之一[3-5]。一些研究表明,NLR、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet/lymphocyte ratio, PLR)可能与肺癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌和非小细胞肺癌等实体肿瘤的不良预后有关[6-9]。然而,有关系统性炎症反应对子宫内膜癌预后的影响研究较少。本研究旨在通过回顾性分析探讨NLR、PLR和CA125对子宫内膜癌预后的评估价值。
回顾性分析2010年10月至2013年11月在北京大学肿瘤医院接受治疗的145例子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料。所有患者均接受了手术治疗,手术范围包括全子宫切除术、双侧附件切除术、盆腔和/或腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术。采用FIGO 2009年的子宫内膜癌手术病理分期标准确定分期[10]。临床病理资料包括患者年龄、分期、组织学类型、病理分级、肌层浸润深度、淋巴结转移、淋巴脉管间隙受累(LVSI)、复发和生存时间等。
患者年龄30~77岁,平均年龄(53.4±7.9)岁。 145例患者中有118例 (81.4%) 组织学类型为 I型子宫内膜癌,27例 (18.6%) 组织学类型为II 型子宫内膜癌。 FIGO分期I/II期患者121例,占83.4%;FIGO III/IV 期24例,占16.6%。145例患者中,病理分级为1级和2级者总计97例,占66.9%,病理分级为3级者48例,占33.1%。
1. 检查方法及随访情况:所有患者于术前1周内行血常规及血清CA125检查,根据血常规结果计算NLR和PLR。 NLR定义为中性粒细胞数与淋巴细胞数比值,PLR定义为血小板数与淋巴细胞数比值。依据术前NLR值绘制受试者工作特性(ROC)曲线,通过约登指数最大值确定预测复发和死亡的最敏感临界值(cut-off值)。患者在术后前两年每3个月随访一次,术后3~5年每6个月随访一次。
2. 统计学处理:采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计学分析。描述性分析采用均数±标准差,分类变量采用Mann-Whitney u检验。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法检验,预后危险因素采用Cox回归模型。通过ROC曲线分析和计算NLR、PLR和血清CA125预测复发和转移的最佳临界值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
如表1所示,III/IV期子宫内膜癌患者的NLR、PLR和CA125水平均显著高于I/II期子宫内膜癌患者,淋巴结转移患者的NLR、PLR和CA125水平也明显高于无淋巴结转移患者,差异均有统计学意义。同时,存在脉管癌栓和深肌层浸润的患者PLR和CA125水平高于无脉管癌栓和浅肌层浸润者,但NLR值差异未见统计学意义。
表1 不同病理特征下的NLR、PLR和CA125水平
Table 1 The levels of NLR, PLR and CA125 according
to the different pathological characteristics
VariableNLRPLRCA125(U/mL)Histopathologic type Type Ⅰ1.93±1.04131.71±57.5928.97±40.60 Type Ⅱ2.11±1.11132.17±30.4849.65±114.68Stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ1.83±0.92127.18±49.1932.17±65.36 Ⅲ-Ⅳ2.72±1.40∗157.65±69.53∗36.09±36.85∗Grade G1-21.91±0.97129.31±50.9233.59±70.51 G32.08±1.21136.95±59.0431.27±37.71Myometrial invasion <1/21.85±0.93126.38±49.2327.54±58.19 ≥1/22.32±1.33148.74±63.30∗49.40±69.13∗LVSI Negative1.91±1.02126.93±49.9628.57±61.23 Positive2.17±1.17151.66±63.68∗47.82±60.93∗Lymph node metastasis Negative1.84±0.91126.67±48.0832.00±63.50 Positive3.18±1.58∗183.05±77.76∗39.94±40.77∗
Compared between the two group, *P<0.05
单因素分析显示,NLR、组织学类型、病理分级、分期、肌层浸润深度、LVSI和淋巴结转移是PFS的影响因素。然而多因素分析显示,只有NLR、病理分级和淋巴结转移是PFS的独立预后因素。如表2所示。
表2 不同参数特征下的子宫内膜癌患者PFS的单因素和多因素分析
Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis for PFS of patients
VariableUnivariateHR95% CI MultivariateHR95% CI NLR2.0431.373-3.0401.5971.003-2.545PLR1.0060.997-1.0140.9890.975-1.004CA1251.0020.995-1.0091.0030.991-1.014Histopathologic type4.7621.620-14.0011.1240.250-5.058Grade11.2592.510-50.5066.7421.405-32.360Stage9.2423.189-26.7801.6730.117-24.009Myometrial invasion4.0911.605-13.7092.3010.432-12.255LVSI4.3631.525-12.4820.7480.107-5.242Lymph node metastasis18.4645.736-59.4325.4211.235-23.789
单因素分析显示,NLR、组织学类型、病理分级、分期、肌层浸润深度和淋巴结转移是OS的影响因素。然而多因素分析显示,只有NLR和组织学类型是OS的独立预后因素。如表3所示。
表3 不同参数特征下的子宫内膜癌患者OS的单因素和多因素分析
Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis for OS of patients
VariableUnivariateHR95% CI MultivariateHR95% CI NLR2.2441.422-3.5422.5751.500-4.423PLR1.0080.997-1.0111.0040.984-1.024CA1251.0020.994-1.0110.9910.951-1.034Histopathologic type10.2711.979-53.32110.7561.750-66.108Grade11.5641.388-96.3071.4280.991-2.703Stage7.7501.723-34.8511.5720.221-26.378Myometrial invasion8.9991.737-46.6142.3280.300-18.075LVSI2.8900.644-12.9680.3040.015-6.150Lymph node metastasis15.6883.366-73.120— —
通过约登指数计算出预测PFS和OS的cut-off值分别为NLR≥2.46和NLR≥2.56,依据此数值将患者分为高NLR组和低NLR组。结果显示,高NLR组5年PFS为73.1%,而低NLR组的5年PFS为89.1%,两组差异有统计学意义。高NLR组5年总生存率为83.3%,而低NLR组5年总生存率为90.9%,两组差异有统计学意义。如图1、图2。
图1 NLR低值组和NLR高值组无进展生存曲线比较
Figure 1 Progression-free survival curves of
endometrial cancer patients in low and high NLR groups
图2 NLR低值组和NLR高值组总生存曲线比较
Figure 2 Overall survival curves of endometrial
cancer patients in low and high NLR groups
中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(NLR)、血小板计数/淋巴细胞(PLR)比值反映了机体炎症反应与免疫状态之间的平衡关系,而慢性炎症反应和机体免疫状态与肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切[11-12]。其比值的变化在很多恶性肿瘤中如结直肠癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌等已证实与肿瘤的预后相关[13-17]。同时,NLR在不同肿瘤的术前诊断方面也具有很好的预测价值。Sahin等[18]回顾性分析140例肺癌患者的资料,发现NLR值在肺癌患者中明显高于正常人群,NLR诊断临界值为1.5,灵敏度为86%,特异度达92%,发生转移的肺癌患者NLR值更高。 Laohawiriyakamol等[15]报道高NLR比值是乳腺癌患者淋巴结转移很好的预测因子。 HanByoul等[19]在卵巢癌的研究中显示,术前NLR 比值与卵巢上皮性癌的预后具有明确的相关性,当NLR大于 2.6时患者的预后较差。 NLR、PLR比值可通过血液学检查获得,方法简单,无创伤性,因此,在术前对恶性肿瘤患者预后的评估具有很大的优势,但是在子宫内膜癌中的研究资料有限。一项对197例子宫内膜癌患者的回顾性研究表明,单因素分析显示NLR和PLR是淋巴结转移的预测因子,NLR和PLR的最佳临界值分别为2.18和206。然而多因素分析显示仅NLR是淋巴结转移的独立预测因子[20]。Haruma等[21]研究显示,高NLR组的子宫内膜癌患者无疾病生存期(DFS)和OS较低NLR组明显缩短,评估DFS的NLR值为2.41,评估OS的NLR值为2.71;多因素分析显示NLR是影响预后的独立预测因子。本研究回顾性分析了145例子宫内膜癌患者术前1周内的血常规结果,计算出NLR和PLR值,通过约登指数最大值计算出评估PFS和OS的最佳临界值,结果显示,仅NLR是影响患者PFS和OS的独立预测因子,而PLR和CA125水平变化没有显示出对预后的明确预测价值。在评估PFS时,NLR的最佳临界值为2.46,高NLR组患者的PFS较低NLR组明显缩短。在评估OS时,NLR的最佳临界值为2.56,高NLR组患者的OS明显短于低NLR组。
尽管在多种恶性肿瘤中均发现NLR值与疾病的预后密切相关,但确切的机制尚不清楚。可能的机制为NLR升高是由于中性粒细胞的增多和淋巴细胞的减少共同导致。肿瘤组织释放的多种细胞因子可以刺激中性粒细胞升高,而中性粒细胞的升高又为肿瘤的发生发展提供合适的微环境。传统免疫学上中性粒细胞主要负责机体的防御和免疫调节。但在肿瘤患者体内,中性粒细胞的功能出现多样化。一方面,中性粒细胞表现为防御作用;另一方面,肿瘤微环境中的各种刺激因子导致部分中性粒细胞活化为促肿瘤活性。中性粒细胞的增多还可以抑制T淋巴细胞的活化,而作为机体重要的免疫防御作用的淋巴细胞其主要功能是抑制肿瘤的生长,促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡,淋巴细胞的减少将导致机体的免疫功能出现异常。因此,中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞的变化是机体免疫状态失衡的表现。而这种免疫失衡状态在外周血中表现为中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比值即NLR值的改变。当NLR比值升高时预示机体的免疫功能减低,对肿瘤的抑制作用减弱,导致预后不良[22-23]。
总之,外周血中NLR值在一定程度上反映了机体的免疫状态,对预测肿瘤的预后具有很好的指导价值。同时NLR值获取方便,仅于术前行血常规检测即可,方便实用,价格低廉,是目前最为简便且无创性的检查方法,值得在临床推广应用。由于本研究样本例数有限,且为回顾性研究,尚需要大样本、前瞻性研究进一步加以验证。
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