·论著·

初产及经产儿宫内生长评价报告及其体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围曲线研制

黄小云 朱元方 刘惠龙 符免艾 刘传永 曾定元 贺骏 施庆喜 陈长水 朱斌 王高雄 石浩 卢浩华

【摘要】 目的 开展初产、经产儿宫内生长评价,研究初产、经产的宫内生长差异特征。制定不同胎龄初产、经产儿宫内生长曲线。 方法 选择深圳、重庆、海口、广州、长沙、成都、泉州、柳州、桂林9个城市2017年—2020年324 521例胎龄27~42周活产单胎儿,按经产、初产、产次混合(即初产和经产混合)三类单胎儿分组,进行胎儿宫内生长等级分类评价,揭示经产儿宫内生长水平高于初产儿的差异特征。此外,采用横断面时间段整群取样现况调查方法,2013年4月至2015年9月在深圳市完成了16 852例胎龄28~42周活产初产、经产单胎儿体格生长现场测量,制定初产、经产单胎儿宫内生长曲线。 结果 中国9个城市的妇幼保健院经产、初产、产次混合三类单胎儿宫内生长等级分类评价结果呈现经产儿高于产次混合、初产儿低于产次混合的特征。制定了深圳16 852例胎龄28~42周初产、经产单胎儿(男、女及性别混合)体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围3rd~97th百分位曲线,发现经产单胎儿上述5项指标水平高于初产单胎儿,经产单胎儿体重10th、50th、90th曲线高于2015年深圳单胎儿,而初产单胎儿体重10th、50th、90th曲线低于2015年深圳单胎儿。 结论 中国9个城市新生儿宫内生长评价为经产儿宫内生长水平高于初产儿。制定了深圳胎龄28~42周初产单胎儿、经产单胎儿体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围3rd~97th百分位曲线,为初产儿和经产儿提供了上述5项指标的宫内生长评价标准,该曲线发现经产单胎儿上述5项指标曲线水平高于初产单胎儿。

【关键词】 不同胎龄; 初产新生儿; 经产新生儿; 宫内生长曲线; 产次

性别、种族、民族[1-3]、籍贯[4]、胎数[5-9]、区域[7-8]、产次[10-13]是新生儿宫内生长曲线研制的重要影响因素。采用横断面整群取样调查方法,本团队研制了包含上述重要影响因素(胎数除外)样本的2015年深圳不同胎龄单胎儿[5]、双胎儿[6]体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长曲线和2020年中国11个城市合计不同胎龄单胎儿[7]、双胎儿[8]体重曲线,经横向比较具有全国性特征(与全国平均水平接近)[5,7];研制了不同胎龄单胎儿考普[14]、勃洛克[15]、克托莱[16]、身长胸围[17]、维尔维克[18]、艾里斯曼[19]、身长顶臀长[20]等身体指数曲线。本文称上述类型曲线为通用类型评价标准,是一个国家必需的评价标准。按照上述重要影响因素分类,本团队研制了初产儿和经产儿[10,12-13],中国11个城市各市不同胎龄单胎儿[7]、双胎儿[8]、14个民族[2],14个省籍贯[4]等类型新生儿宫内生长曲线,是上述类型新生儿更准确的评价标准,是揭示上述类型新生儿宫内生长差异特征的客观证据[2,4,12],是验证“具有全国平均水平曲线[5,7]”的适用区域、民族和不适用区域、民族的客观证据[2,4]。本文称上述类型曲线为特定类型评价标准,也是国内必需的评价标准。本团队研制的《2015年深圳胎龄27~42周单胎儿(男、女及性别混合)[5]、胎龄27~40周双胎儿[6]体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长百分位曲线》已开发为全自动化评价应用程序软件,需通过应用验证确认其适用区域和不适用区域。暨南大学附属深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院牵头,深圳与重庆、宁波、海口、广州、长沙、成都、连云港、泉州、柳州、桂林市妇幼保健院签订项目合作协议,共同应用2015年深圳单胎儿[5]、双胎儿[6]5项指标曲线应用程序软件对中国11个城市2017年—2020年横断面单胎儿、双胎儿自动化完成了宫内生长等级分类评价[21]。由于初产、经产儿宫内生长差异显著[10-13],本文报道中国9个城市2017年—2020年横断面324 521例经产、初产、产次混合三类单胎儿宫内生长等级分类评价报告,揭示了经产儿宫内生长水平高于初产儿的规律,提示有必要制定不同胎龄初产、经产儿评价标准。本研究采用2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线的样本数据[5],按初产、经产分类,研制了深圳胎龄28~42周初产、经产单胎儿(男、女及性别混合)体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围第3~97(3rd~97th )百分位曲线。现报道如下。

资料与方法

一、资料

1. 开展宫内生长评价的资料:应用《2015年深圳胎龄27~42周单胎儿体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长曲线》[5]开发的应用程序软件,选择深圳、重庆、海口、广州、长沙、成都、泉州、柳州、桂林9个城市妇幼保健院2017年—2020年出生的横断面活产新生儿作为调查对象,排除了性别不明、胎龄不明、产次不明、双胎及以上,胎龄小于27周和大于42周,以及超常数据后,获得胎龄27~42周活产单胎儿样本324 521例,再按经产、初产、产次混合(即初产和经产混合)三类单胎儿分组,作为开展宫内生长等级分类评价对象。

2. 研制宫内生长曲线的资料:将2013年4月至2015年9月在深圳市出生的16 852例胎龄28~42周单胎活产的初产、经产儿作为制定宫内生长百分位曲线的对象。

二、方法

1. 开展宫内生长评价的方法:应用2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线[5]应用程序软件,对中国9个城市2017年—2020年出生的经产、初产、产次混合(即初产和经产混合)三类单胎儿自动完成宫内生长等级分类评价人数和构成比。

2. 研制宫内生长曲线的方法:将《2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线》[5] 的样本总体,按初产、经产分类,制定初产、经产单胎儿(男、女及性别混合)体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围3rd~97th百分位曲线。因胎龄27周经产儿例数<20,故删除了胎龄27周的样本,本研究的胎龄范围为28~42周,研究样本为16 852例。

3.统计学处理:应用《2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线》[5]应用程序软件自动完成中国9个城市出生的经产、初产、产次混合三类单胎儿宫内生长等级分类评价人数和构成比。应用 Lambda Mu Sigma (LMS)方法[22]及其LMSchartmaker Pro软件,自动完成百分位曲线拟合。

结 果

一、中国9个城市经产、初产、产次混合三类单胎儿宫内生长等级分类评价结果

产次混合单胎儿评价后,各项等级分类构成比与标准曲线预期值非常接近,呈现标准正态分布,呈现《2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线》[5] 水平与中国9个城市产次混合单胎儿水平基本相同,可作为中国9个城市评价标准。但是,经产单胎儿评价后,小于胎龄儿(SGA)及50th 曲线以下的构成比明显低于标准曲线预期值,而大于胎龄儿(LGA)及50th 曲线以上的构成比明显高于标准曲线预期值,呈现向右偏移的非正态分布;验证了《2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线》[5]水平低于中国9个城市经产单胎儿水平,呈现评价标准偏低。初产单胎儿评价后,SGA及50th 曲线以下的构成比明显高于标准曲线预期值,而LGA及50th 曲线以上的构成比明显低于标准曲线预期值,呈现向左偏移的非正态分布;验证了《2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线》[5] 水平高于中国9市初产单胎儿水平,呈现评价标准偏高。呈现经产儿高于产次混合、初产儿低于产次混合的特征,提示有必要制定不同胎龄初产、经产儿评价标准。见表1。

表1 中国9个城市妇幼保健院2017年—2020年 324 521 例(经产、初产、产次混合)三类单胎儿应用《2015年深圳胎龄27~42周单胎儿体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长百分位曲线》[5]应用程序软件自动化完成宫内生长等级分类评价结果

Table 1 The evaluation results of intrauterine growth grade for 324 521 neonates delivered in 9 maternal and child health care hospitals of China in 2017-2020 by the curves application software for body weight, body length, crown-rump length, head circumference, and chest circumference of singleton neonates with a gestational age of 27-42 weeks of Shenzhen in 2015

Percentile groupIntrauterine growthgrade groupMultiparous singletonCasePercent(%)Primiparous singletonCasePercent(%)Mixed singletonCasePercent(%)Standard curve expectedvalue (%)≤10thSGA11 3466.817 56611.228 9128.910.010th<-≤90thAGA136 32281.7128 45481.5264 77681.680.0>90thLGA19 26411.511 5697.330 8339.510.0Total—166 932100.0157 589100.0324 521100.0100.0≤3rdLower (or malnourished)2 7811.74 6813.07 4622.33.03rd<-≤10thLower8 5655.112 8858.221 4506.67.010th<-≤25thBelow average21 25212.726 83017.048 08214.815.025th<-≤50thAverage40 59324.342 12526.782 71825.525.050th<-≤75thAverage44 88426.938 47024.483 35425.725.075th<-≤90thAbove average29 59217.721 02913.350 62215.615.090th<-≤97thTop13 7998.38 6495.522 4486.97.0>97thTop (or obesity)5 4653.32 9201.98 3852.63.0Total—166 932100.0157 589100.0324 521100.0100.0

二、制定了深圳胎龄28~42周 初产、经产单胎儿(男、女及性别混合)三分组体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围3rd~97th 百分位数值

研制的总样本16 852例。初产单胎儿9 136例(男性4 897例,女性4 239例),占54.2%;经产单胎儿7 716例(男性4 499例,女性3 217例),占45.8%。

在胎龄28~42周的3rd~97th 百分位数值,初产单胎儿和经产单胎儿体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围都显示男婴水平明显高于女婴;经产单胎儿体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围水平高于初产单胎儿。见表2~表6。

表2 2013年—2015年深圳 16 852例胎龄28~42周初产与经产单胎新生儿体重百分位数值对照表
Table 2 Comparison table of birth weight percentile values for 16 852 neonates aged 28-42 weeks among primiparity and multiparity during 2013-2015 in Shenzhen

GA(W)Primiparous neonates percentile values(g)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMultiparous neonates percentile values(g)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMale28238009251 0531 1851 3201 4571 598168911 0001 1191 2491 3901 5441 71129219141 0551 1991 3461 4951 6471 801329831 1101 2451 3901 5431 7061 87930391 0311 1871 3461 5081 6711 8362 003441 0791 2261 3791 5391 7051 8772 05431431 1551 3281 5021 6771 8542 0322 212481 1851 3541 5271 7031 8822 0642 24932551 2951 4841 6731 8632 0542 2462 438541 3111 5021 6951 8872 0812 2752 46933561 4561 6601 8642 0692 2742 4802 686691 4641 6751 8862 0962 3052 5132 72134871 6351 8522 0702 2882 5072 7262 945771 6501 8772 1032 3282 5532 7783 003351451 8262 0542 2822 5112 7412 9713 202971 8672 1022 3392 5772 8183 0603 303362122 0292 2622 4972 7332 9713 2113 4521832 1022 3392 5822 8293 0823 3403 602374872 2342 4672 7042 9453 1893 4363 6864982 3302 5652 8083 0603 3193 5873 862387562 4282 6572 8923 1343 3813 6343 8931 0322 5252 7552 9953 2453 5053 7754 055391 3942 5942 8173 0493 2893 5373 7934 0571 2952 6782 9023 1373 3833 6393 9074 185401 0972 7322 9493 1753 4123 6593 9164 1847652 7993 0183 2483 4893 7414 0054 282414632 8613 0703 2913 5243 7694 0264 2972642 9013 1153 3403 5763 8254 0854 35942192 9883 1903 4053 6333 8754 1324 403252 9953 2043 4243 6563 8994 1564 425Female28177708891 0151 1481 2871 4321 58357528811 0141 1521 2931 4381 58729148751 0091 1501 2971 4491 6081 773128701 0131 1591 3111 4661 6261 78930239871 1361 2911 4521 6191 7901 967209931 1471 3061 4701 6391 8121 98931281 1081 2731 4431 6181 7981 9822 171331 1241 2891 4591 6351 8162 0022 19232371 2431 4241 6101 7991 9922 1892 389411 2711 4461 6271 8152 0082 2072 41233411 3961 5931 7931 9962 2012 4102 620501 4371 6221 8142 0132 2202 4332 65234801 5661 7761 9892 2042 4212 6412 862611 6211 8142 0162 2272 4452 6722 907351141 7541 9732 1942 4192 6462 8753 106741 8232 0242 2352 4552 6842 9233 172361721 9542 1752 4012 6312 8653 1033 3451112 0392 2452 4622 6902 9283 1773 437373422 1592 3772 6022 8353 0733 3183 5692982 2562 4652 6862 9183 1623 4173 685385982 3542 5652 7863 0173 2573 5073 7676752 4442 6552 8763 1093 3543 6103 879391 1802 5202 7242 9393 1663 4063 6593 9259992 5892 7993 0203 2513 4933 7474 011401 0782 6552 8523 0613 2843 5223 7744 0425922 6972 9093 1313 3613 6013 8494 108414882 7672 9573 1613 3793 6123 8614 1272282 7833 0003 2243 4553 6933 9384 18942272 8693 0543 2523 4643 6923 9364 198182 8603 0823 3093 5403 7764 0174 262Mixed28407879091 0371 1691 3061 4481 593218339541 0831 2201 3651 5161 67629358971 0351 1781 3251 4771 6331 792449331 0701 2141 3651 5221 6851 85430621 0111 1651 3231 4851 6501 8201 992641 0391 1921 3501 5151 6841 8582 03731711 1331 3031 4761 6531 8322 0142 199811 1551 3241 4981 6761 8582 0442 23332921 2711 4571 6451 8362 0302 2252 422951 2891 4751 6641 8572 0522 2512 45333971 4271 6291 8322 0372 2442 4532 6631191 4491 6491 8532 0602 2712 4852 701341671 6021 8162 0332 2512 4712 6932 9161381 6351 8472 0642 2852 5112 7412 975352591 7912 0152 2422 4712 7022 9343 1691711 8462 0662 2932 5272 7673 0133 265363841 9922 2212 4532 6892 9283 1703 4152942 0732 2982 5312 7743 0253 2853 554378292 1972 4242 6572 8973 1413 3913 6477962 2952 5202 7563 0033 2613 5303 809381 3542 3892 6112 8423 0813 3293 5853 8491 7072 4852 7082 9433 1893 4473 7173 999392 5742 5532 7682 9943 2313 4793 7394 0092 2942 6312 8513 0833 3263 5813 8474 126402 1752 6862 8953 1153 3483 5943 8544 1291 3572 7452 9633 1923 4313 6823 9454 219419512 8023 0043 2193 4483 6913 9504 2264922 8393 0563 2823 5203 7674 0254 29442462 9133 1093 3183 5423 7824 0384 313432 9253 1413 3653 6003 8434 0964 359

表3 2013年—2015年深圳16 852例胎龄28~42周初产与经产单胎新生儿身长百分位数值对照表
Table 3 Comparison table of body length percentile values for 16 852 neonates aged 28-42 weeks among primiparity and multiparity during 2013-2015 in Shenzhen

GA(W)Primiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMultiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMale282331.934.436.438.339.941.442.81633.635.437.138.740.341.843.2292133.335.737.839.641.242.744.03234.836.638.339.941.442.944.2303934.737.139.240.942.543.945.24436.037.939.641.142.644.045.2314336.138.540.542.243.745.146.34837.239.140.842.443.845.146.3325537.639.941.943.544.946.347.45438.540.442.143.644.946.247.3335639.241.443.244.746.147.448.56940.041.843.444.846.147.348.4348740.842.844.545.947.348.549.67741.543.244.746.147.348.549.63514542.344.145.747.148.349.550.59743.144.646.047.348.549.750.73621243.845.446.848.149.350.451.418344.646.047.348.549.750.851.83748745.246.647.949.150.251.352.349845.947.248.449.550.751.752.83875646.447.748.950.051.152.153.11 03246.948.149.250.351.452.553.5391 39447.448.549.650.751.852.853.81 29547.748.849.950.952.053.154.1401 09748.149.250.251.352.353.454.476548.349.450.451.552.553.654.64146348.749.750.851.852.853.854.926448.949.950.951.953.054.055.1421949.350.351.352.353.354.355.32549.350.351.352.353.454.555.6Female281731.834.136.137.939.540.942.3532.534.836.738.339.841.142.3291433.135.437.439.140.742.143.41234.036.138.039.641.042.343.5302334.536.838.740.441.943.344.62035.537.539.240.842.243.544.7312836.038.140.041.643.144.545.83336.938.840.542.043.444.745.9323737.539.541.342.944.345.746.94138.440.241.843.344.645.947.1334139.040.942.644.145.546.848.15039.941.643.144.545.847.148.2348040.642.343.945.346.747.949.16141.342.944.345.747.048.249.33511442.143.645.146.547.849.050.17442.744.145.546.848.049.250.33617243.544.946.247.548.749.951.011143.945.346.647.849.050.151.23734244.846.047.348.449.650.751.829845.146.447.648.749.850.951.93859845.947.048.149.250.351.452.467546.047.248.349.450.551.552.6391 18046.847.848.949.950.952.053.099946.847.949.050.151.152.153.1401 07847.548.549.550.551.552.553.559247.548.649.650.751.752.753.64148848.149.050.050.951.952.953.922848.049.150.251.252.253.254.2422748.649.550.451.452.353.354.31848.549.650.751.752.753.654.6Mixed284032.034.336.338.139.841.242.62133.335.237.038.640.141.642.9293533.335.637.739.441.042.543.84434.636.538.239.841.342.744.0306234.737.039.040.742.343.745.06435.837.739.541.042.543.845.1317136.138.440.342.043.544.946.18137.139.040.742.243.645.046.2329237.639.841.643.244.746.047.39538.540.341.943.444.846.147.3339739.141.142.944.545.947.248.411939.941.643.244.746.047.248.43416740.642.544.245.747.048.349.413841.443.044.545.947.248.449.53525942.243.945.446.848.149.350.417142.844.445.847.148.449.550.63638443.645.146.647.949.150.251.329444.245.747.048.249.450.651.73782944.946.347.648.850.051.152.279645.546.848.049.250.451.552.6381 35446.147.348.549.750.851.952.91 70746.547.748.850.051.152.253.2392 57447.048.149.250.351.452.553.62 29447.248.449.550.651.752.753.8402 17547.748.849.850.952.053.054.11 35747.948.950.051.152.253.254.34195148.349.350.351.352.453.454.549248.449.550.551.652.753.754.8424648.849.850.851.852.853.854.94348.949.951.052.053.154.255.2

表4 2013年—2015年深圳16 852例胎龄28~42周初产与经产单胎新生儿顶臀长百分位数值对照表
Table 4 Comparison table of crown-rump length percentile values for 16 852 neonates aged 28-42 weeks among primiparity and multiparity during 2013-2015 in Shenzhen

GA(W)Primiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMultiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMale282321.423.224.726.027.128.229.11622.823.925.026.227.529.030.5292122.424.225.626.928.129.130.03223.624.725.827.028.329.631.0303923.525.226.627.829.030.030.94424.425.526.727.829.130.331.6314324.526.127.528.729.830.831.84825.226.327.528.729.831.032.1325525.527.028.429.630.631.632.65426.027.228.329.530.631.732.8335626.628.029.230.431.432.433.36926.928.129.230.331.432.433.5348727.628.930.131.132.233.134.07727.929.130.131.232.233.334.33514528.629.730.831.932.933.834.79729.030.031.132.133.134.135.03621229.530.631.632.633.534.435.318329.930.931.932.933.934.835.83748730.331.332.333.234.235.135.949830.831.832.733.634.635.536.53875631.132.032.933.934.835.736.51 03231.532.433.334.335.236.137.0391 39431.832.733.534.435.336.237.11 29532.032.933.834.735.636.537.4401 09732.333.234.034.935.836.737.676532.433.334.235.136.036.937.84146332.833.634.535.336.237.138.026432.733.634.535.436.237.138.0421933.434.134.935.736.637.538.42533.033.934.735.636.537.338.2Female281722.323.324.425.727.228.830.7522.323.624.926.127.328.429.5291423.024.125.326.527.929.431.01223.224.525.827.028.129.230.3302323.824.926.127.428.730.031.52024.125.426.727.829.030.031.1312824.625.827.028.229.430.732.03325.126.327.528.729.830.831.8323725.526.727.929.030.231.432.54126.027.228.429.530.631.632.6334126.427.628.829.931.032.133.15026.928.129.230.331.332.333.3348027.428.529.630.731.832.833.86127.828.930.031.032.033.033.93511428.329.430.531.532.533.534.47428.729.730.831.832.733.634.53617229.330.331.232.233.134.135.011129.530.531.532.433.434.335.13734230.131.031.932.833.734.635.529830.331.332.233.134.034.935.73859830.831.632.533.334.235.136.067531.031.932.833.734.535.436.3391 18031.432.233.033.834.735.636.599931.632.433.334.135.035.836.7401 07831.932.733.534.335.236.137.059232.032.833.734.535.336.237.04148832.333.133.934.735.536.537.422832.433.234.034.835.636.537.3422732.733.534.235.035.936.837.81832.733.534.235.135.936.737.6Mixed284022.123.324.625.927.228.529.92122.823.825.026.227.428.830.3293522.924.225.526.728.029.330.64423.624.725.827.028.229.530.9306223.825.126.427.628.930.131.36424.325.526.727.829.030.231.5317124.626.027.328.529.730.832.08125.226.327.528.629.830.932.1329225.526.928.129.330.531.632.69526.027.228.329.530.631.732.7339726.527.829.030.231.232.333.311926.928.129.230.331.432.433.43416727.528.729.931.032.033.034.013827.929.030.131.132.233.234.23525928.429.630.731.732.733.734.617128.829.930.931.932.933.934.93638429.430.431.432.433.434.335.229429.830.831.732.733.734.735.63782930.231.232.133.034.034.935.879630.631.532.533.434.435.336.3381 35430.931.832.733.634.535.436.41 70731.332.233.134.034.935.936.8392 57431.532.433.334.135.036.036.92 29431.832.733.634.535.436.337.2402 17532.132.933.734.635.536.437.41 35732.233.133.934.835.736.637.54195132.533.334.135.035.936.837.849232.533.434.235.136.036.937.8424632.933.734.535.436.237.238.24332.833.634.535.336.237.138.0

表5 2013年—2015年深圳 16 852 例胎龄28~42周 初产与经产 单胎新生儿头围百分位数值对照表
Table 5 Comparison table of head circumference percentile values for 16 852 neonates aged 28-42 weeks among primiparity and multiparity during 2013-2015 in Shenzhen

GA(W)Primiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMultiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMale282322.524.125.426.527.528.429.31622.924.425.726.827.728.629.3292123.625.126.327.428.429.330.13224.025.326.527.528.529.330.2303924.726.027.228.329.330.131.04425.026.227.328.329.230.131.0314325.727.028.129.130.131.031.84825.927.028.129.130.030.931.8325526.727.929.030.030.931.732.65426.927.928.929.930.831.732.5335627.728.829.830.831.732.533.36927.828.829.730.731.632.533.3348728.729.730.731.632.433.234.07728.829.730.631.532.333.234.03514529.630.531.432.333.133.934.69729.730.531.432.233.133.934.73621230.431.232.132.933.634.435.218330.531.332.233.033.834.635.43748731.131.932.733.434.234.935.649831.332.032.833.634.435.135.93875631.832.533.233.934.635.436.11 03231.932.633.334.134.835.636.3391 39432.333.033.734.435.135.836.51 29532.433.133.834.535.235.936.6401 09732.733.434.034.735.436.136.876532.733.434.134.835.536.236.94146333.133.734.435.035.736.437.026433.133.734.435.135.736.437.1421933.534.134.735.336.036.637.32533.434.034.735.336.036.737.3Female281723.424.125.026.027.228.730.4522.523.724.825.826.827.728.5291424.125.025.926.928.029.330.81223.624.825.826.827.728.629.4302324.925.826.727.728.830.031.32024.625.826.827.828.729.530.4312825.826.627.628.629.630.731.93325.726.727.728.729.630.431.2323726.627.528.429.430.431.432.54126.727.728.729.630.431.332.1334127.528.429.330.231.232.133.15027.728.629.630.431.332.132.8348028.329.230.131.031.932.833.76128.629.530.431.232.032.833.63511429.230.030.931.732.633.434.27429.530.331.131.932.733.434.23617230.030.831.632.433.133.934.711130.331.131.832.533.334.034.73734230.731.432.232.933.734.435.229831.031.732.433.133.834.535.23859831.332.032.733.434.134.835.667531.532.232.933.534.234.935.6391 18031.832.533.133.834.535.235.999932.032.633.233.934.635.336.0401 07832.232.933.534.134.835.536.259232.332.933.534.234.935.636.34148832.633.233.834.435.135.736.422832.633.233.934.535.235.936.6422732.933.534.134.735.335.936.51832.933.534.134.835.536.237.0Mixed284023.124.125.226.327.428.729.92122.824.225.426.527.528.429.2293524.025.026.127.228.329.430.64423.925.126.327.328.329.230.0306224.925.927.028.029.130.231.36424.926.027.128.129.130.030.8317125.826.827.828.929.931.032.08125.826.927.928.929.930.831.6329226.727.728.729.730.731.732.79526.827.828.829.730.731.532.4339727.628.629.630.531.532.433.311927.828.729.630.631.532.333.23416728.529.530.431.332.233.134.013828.729.630.531.432.233.133.93525929.430.331.132.032.933.734.517129.630.431.332.132.933.834.63638430.231.031.832.633.434.235.029430.431.232.032.833.634.435.23782930.931.632.433.234.034.735.579631.131.932.633.434.134.935.7381 35431.532.233.033.734.435.235.91 70731.732.433.133.934.635.436.1392 57432.032.733.434.134.835.536.32 29432.132.833.534.234.935.736.4402 17532.433.133.734.435.135.836.51 35732.533.133.834.535.236.036.74195132.833.434.034.735.436.136.849232.833.534.134.835.536.237.0424633.133.734.335.035.636.337.04333.133.734.435.135.836.537.2

表6 2013年—2015年深圳 16 852例胎龄28~42周 初产与经产 单胎新生儿胸围百分位数值对照表
Table 6 Comparison table of chest circumference percentile values for 16 852 neonates aged 28-42 weeks among primiparity and multiparity during 2013-2015 in Shenzhen

GA(W)Primiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMultiparous neonates percentile values(cm)Case3rd10th25th50th75th90th97thMale282320.021.422.724.025.326.627.81620.321.622.824.125.326.427.6292120.922.323.624.926.227.428.73221.222.523.825.026.227.428.5303921.823.224.625.827.128.329.54422.123.424.725.927.128.329.4314322.824.225.526.828.029.230.34823.024.325.626.828.029.230.3325523.825.126.527.728.930.031.15423.925.226.527.728.930.031.1335624.826.227.428.629.830.932.06924.926.227.528.729.830.932.0348725.827.228.429.630.731.832.87725.927.228.429.630.831.932.93514526.928.129.330.431.532.633.59727.028.229.430.631.732.833.93621227.929.030.231.232.333.334.218328.129.230.331.432.533.634.73748728.829.830.931.932.933.934.849829.030.131.132.233.234.335.43875629.530.531.532.533.534.435.41 03229.830.731.732.733.834.835.9391 39430.231.132.033.034.034.935.91 29530.431.332.233.234.235.336.4401 09730.731.632.533.434.435.436.476530.931.832.733.634.635.636.74146331.132.032.933.834.835.836.926431.332.233.033.934.935.937.0421931.632.433.334.235.236.237.32531.732.533.434.235.236.237.3Female281720.721.722.723.925.427.329.7520.121.422.623.825.026.127.1291421.522.423.524.726.227.930.01221.022.323.624.825.927.028.1302322.223.224.325.627.028.630.42022.023.324.525.726.828.029.0312823.124.125.226.427.829.330.93322.924.225.426.627.728.930.0323723.925.026.127.428.630.031.54123.925.126.327.528.629.830.8334124.825.927.128.329.530.832.15024.826.127.328.429.630.731.7348025.826.928.129.230.431.632.86125.827.028.229.330.531.532.63511426.827.929.030.131.232.433.57426.828.029.130.231.332.433.43617227.728.829.930.932.033.134.211127.828.930.031.132.133.134.23734228.629.630.631.632.733.734.729828.729.730.831.832.833.834.83859829.330.331.332.233.234.235.267529.430.431.432.433.434.435.4391 18030.030.931.832.733.734.735.799930.031.031.932.933.934.835.8401 07830.531.432.233.134.135.036.059230.531.432.433.334.335.236.24148830.931.732.633.434.435.336.322831.031.932.833.734.735.636.6422731.232.032.833.734.635.536.51831.432.333.234.135.035.936.9Mixed[13]284020.321.422.624.025.326.828.42120.321.522.824.025.226.327.5293521.122.323.524.826.227.629.14421.222.523.724.926.127.328.4306222.023.224.425.727.128.429.86422.123.424.625.827.028.229.3317122.924.125.426.627.929.230.68123.024.325.526.727.929.130.2329223.825.126.327.628.830.131.39523.925.226.427.628.829.931.0339724.826.127.328.529.730.932.111924.826.127.428.629.730.831.93416725.827.028.229.430.631.732.813825.927.128.329.530.631.732.83525926.828.029.230.331.432.533.617126.928.129.330.431.532.633.73638427.828.930.031.132.233.234.229428.029.130.231.332.433.534.53782928.729.730.831.832.833.834.879628.929.931.032.033.134.135.2381 35429.430.431.432.433.434.335.31 70729.630.631.632.633.634.735.7392 57430.131.031.932.933.834.835.82 29430.231.132.133.134.135.136.240217530.631.532.433.334.235.236.21 35730.731.632.533.534.535.536.54195131.031.832.733.634.635.636.649231.232.032.933.834.835.836.8424631.432.233.033.934.935.936.94331.632.433.334.235.136.137.1

三、经产、初产单胎儿体重10th、50th、90th 曲线与2015年深圳单胎儿[5] 的比较

胎龄28~42周,经产单胎儿体重10th、50th、90th 曲线高于2015年深圳单胎儿[5] (图1-A);初产单胎儿体重10th、50th、90th 曲线低于2015年深圳单胎儿[5] (图1-B)。

Themultiparous neonates curves(Solid line, A)were higher than those of the singleton neonates in Shenzhen[5](Dotted line); The primiparous neonates curves(Solid line, B)were lower than those of the singleton neonates in Shenzhen[5](Dotted line).

图1 深圳经产儿、初产儿与2015年深圳单胎儿[5]比较
Figure 1 The Shenzhen multiparous neonates and primiparous neonates versus the singleton neonates of Shenzhen in 2015

讨 论

一、经产儿宫内生长水平显著高于初产儿,有必要制定初产、经产儿评价标准

本团队2007年[10]第一次报道了正常足月第1产初生儿发育均值最低,正常足月第2产体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长均值比第1产均值分别增加了0.11 kg、0.3 cm、0.2 cm、0.2 cm、0.2 cm,P<0.01,差异有显著性。本团队2018年[12]再次报道了胎龄37~41周各胎龄经产足月儿体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长的10th、25th、50th、75th、90th 曲线值均显著高于初产足月儿。本团队这次应用《2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线》[5] 全自动化评价程序软件对中国9个城市妇幼保健院2017—2020年横断面出生的324 521例经产、初产、产次混合三类单胎儿自动化完成宫内生长等级分类评价,发现深圳单胎儿5项指标评价标准水平与中国9个城市产次混合单胎儿水平基本相同,可作为中国9个城市评价标准。然而,深圳单胎儿5项指标评价标准水平低于中国9个城市经产单胎儿水平,却高于中国9个城市初产儿水平。由于2015年深圳单胎儿体重曲线、2014年中国新生儿协作网单胎儿体重曲线、2020年中国11个城市合计单胎儿体重曲线等三者的曲线几乎重叠,三者水平基本相同,都具有全国性特征(与全国平均水平接近)[5,7]。因此,若应用2014年中国新生儿协作网单胎儿体重曲线、或2020年中国11个城市合计单胎儿体重曲线[7]对中国9个城市上述经产、初产、产次混合三类单胎儿进行宫内生长等级分类评价,也会呈现基本相同的评价结果。此外,国外文献也报道了经产儿宫内生长水平高于初产儿的差异特征[11]。任何国家、任何区域、任何种族(民族)、任何年代、任何省份(城市)都存在初产儿和经产儿生育状况,鉴于经产儿宫内生长水平显著高于初产儿的客观事实,因此,一个国家(或区域)在制定了通用类型不同胎龄单胎儿评价标准的前提下,有必要进一步制定特定类型的不同胎龄初产、经产单胎儿宫内生长评价标准,使初产、经产儿个体的宫内生长等级分类评价更符合客观规律。

二、宫内生长曲线的应用验证,是判断评价曲线代表性的客观证据

应用新生儿宫内生长曲线开展一个区域(或城市)横断面新生儿群体宫内生长等级分类评价[21],是判断该评价曲线是否具有该区域代表性的客观证据;当新生儿群体各项等级评价的构成比与标准曲线预期值接近,呈现标准正态分布,提示该曲线水平与评价地区水平基本相同,可作为评价标准;当各项等级评价的构成比呈现有规律的向左偏移,提示该曲线水平高于评价地区水平;当各项等级评价的构成比呈现有规律的向右偏移,提示该曲线水平低于评价地区水平。上述判断方法适用于初产、经产、民族、籍贯等新生儿群体的应用验证。任何新生儿宫内生长曲线都必须经过应用验证,只有评价结果呈现标准正态分布,才能确认其应用区域代表性。

三、初产、经产单胎儿曲线能更准确评价初产、经产儿个体宫内生长状况

本团队2017年—2018年报道了研制的2015年深圳胎龄27~42周单胎儿[5]、胎龄27~40周双胎儿[6]、胎龄37~41周初产儿、经产儿[12]体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长百分位曲线,及单胎儿7种身体指数百分位曲线[14-20]。本团队2022年—2023年报道了研制的2020年中国11个城市合计和11个城市各市不同胎龄单胎儿[7]、双胎儿[8],14个民族[2]、14个省籍贯[4]等类型新生儿体重百分位曲线;报道了中国11个城市2017年—2020年横断面单胎儿、双胎儿群体宫内生长等级分类自动化评价报告及评估制度创建[21]。深圳市卫生健康发展研究和数据管理中心对上述新生儿宫内生长评价标准2023年10月17日的查新报告结论[23]是:“国内外检索范围内,除项目组成员外,未见其他报道”,证实了上述评价标准具有世界唯一的国际领先水平,其中单胎儿、双胎儿、初产儿、经产儿体重、身长、头围、胸围、顶臀长百分位曲线,及单胎儿7种身体指数百分位曲线已保持了5年以上世界唯一的国际领先水平。本研究将2015年深圳单胎儿5项指标曲线[5]样本总体按初产、经产分类,研制了胎龄28~42周初产、经产单胎儿(男、女及性别混合)体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围3rd~97th百分位曲线,再次成为国内、外首个区分性别上述5项指标完整的胎龄28~42周初产、经产单胎儿宫内生长评价标准。该评价标准呈现了经产儿上述5项指标曲线水平一致性高于初产儿的特征,该特征与中国9个城市初产、经产单胎儿群体宫内生长等级分类评价的结果完全一致(见表1)。该评价标准与本团队上述已报道的17大类新生儿评价标准一起,构成了国内新生儿评价种类齐全、5项指标完整、体格和体型评价标准齐全的评价标准系列;全面揭示了国内新生儿宫内生长的单胎[5,7]、双胎[6,8]、初产与经产[10,12-13]、区域(城市)[7-8]、民族[2]、省籍贯[4]的差异特征;确认了2015年深圳单胎儿、双胎儿5项指标评价标准和2020年中国11个城市合计单胎儿、双胎儿体重评价标准的适用区域、民族、省籍贯和不适用的区域、民族、省籍贯[2,4,7-8],为全国提供了选择适用评价标准的客观证据,有重大的应用价值。

本团队研制的胎龄28~42周初产、经产单胎儿(男、女及性别混合)体重、身长、顶臀长、头围、胸围3rd~97th百分位曲线对初产儿、经产儿分类的评价消除了产次差异的影响,能更准确地评价初产、经产儿个体上述5项指标宫内生长状况,其适用区域、民族与2020年中国11个城市合计单胎儿体重曲线[7]的适用区域、民族相同。

参考文献

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23 黄小云项目《中国新生儿宫内生长评价标准重大突破创新与应用及评估制度创建》成果鉴定查新报告书(编号440430230771),报告日期:2023年10月17日.

A report of intrauterine growth evaluation, and the curves of weight, length, crown-rump length, head circumference, and chest circumference of neonates among primiparity and multiparity

HUANG Xiaoyun, ZHU Yuanfang, LIU Huilong, FU Mianai, LIU Chuanyong, ZENG Dingyuan, HE Jun, SHI Qingxi, CHEN Changsui, ZHU Bin, WANG Gaoxiong, SHI Hao, LU Haohua. Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518102, China

[Abstract] Objective To carry out the intrauterine growth evaluation of neonates, and establish intrauterine growth curves of singleton neonates in different gestational age (GA) among primiparity and multiparity. Methods We evaluated and classified the intrauterine growth of 324 521 multiparous, primiparous, and mixed neonates from Shenzhen, Chongqing, Haikou, Guangzhou, Changsha, Chengdu, Quanzhou, Liuzhou, and Guilin cities in China from 2017 to 2020. We also revealed the characteristics of intrauterine growth higher level in multiparity than that that in primiparity. A total of 16 852 live singleton neonates in 28~42 weeks of GA among primiparity and multiparity from Shenzhen City were measured at birth by cluster sampling from April 2013 to September 2015 in this cross sectional study. We established intrauterine growth curves of singleton neonates among primiparity and multiparity. Results The classification and evaluation results of intrauterine growth grade for 324 521 neonates in 9 maternal and child health care hospitals of China showed the orders in the characteristics were multiparous neonates, mixed neonates, and primiparous neonates. We created the intrauterine growth 3rd~97th percentile curves of body weight, body length, crown-rump length, head circumference, and chest circumference of 16 852 singleton neonates in 28~42 weeks of GA among primiparity and multiparity in Shenzhen, China. The level of above 5 indexes of multiparous neonates was higher than that of primiparous neonates. The 10th, 50th and 90th curves of body weight for multiparous singleton neonates were higher than those of Shenzhen singleton neonates in 2015, while the 10th, 50th and 90th curves of body weight for primiparous singleton neonates were lower than those of Shenzhen singleton neonates in 2015. Conclusion The level of intrauterine growth evaluation of neonates in multiparity was higher than that in primiparity in Chinese nine cities. We created the intrauterine growth 3rd~97th percentile curves of body weight, body length, crown-rump length, head circumference, and chest circumference of singleton neonates in 28~42 weeks of GA among primiparity and multiparity in Shenzhen, China. It provided the standard about above 5 indexes of intrauterine growth evaluation for multiparous neonates and primiparous neonates. The curve level of above 5 indexes of multiparous neonates was higher than that of primiparous neonates.

[Key words] different gestational age; primiparous neonate; multiparous neonate; intrauterine growth curve; parity

基金项目:深圳市宝安区科技创新局科技项目(2014073);合作单位协议项目(XMXY2020)

作者单位:518102 深圳,暨南大学附属深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院(黄小云,朱元方,刘惠龙);海口市妇幼保健院(符免艾);重庆市万州区妇幼保健院(刘传永);柳州市妇幼保健院(曾定元);长沙市妇幼保健院(贺骏);连云港市妇幼保健院(施庆喜);宁波市妇幼保健院(陈长水);广州市番禺区妇幼保健院(朱斌);泉州市妇幼保健院(王高雄);成都市金牛区妇幼保健院(石浩);桂林市妇幼保健院(卢浩华)

通信作者:刘惠龙(LHL1816@126.com)

并列第一作者

【中图分类号】 R17

(收稿日期:2023-04-25)