·妇儿临床·

应用二维超声联合XI-VOCAL容积测量技术评估胎儿胆囊与孕周的关系

胡祎 罗瑜 周微尘 黄丽琼 冯梦娟 马晓娟

摘要目的建立胎儿胆囊二维测值与相应孕周的正常值范围;应用XI-VOCAL容积测量技术,获得胎儿胆囊容积生长曲线方程,探讨胎儿胆囊容积与孕周的关系。方法选取2014年12月—2017年8月于本院行产前筛查的556例13~40周的单胎胎儿,孕妇无妊娠并发症且长期生活在成都地区,测量胎儿胆囊二维径线,采集孕22~32周260例胎儿胆囊容积,利用XI-VOCAL容积测量技术估算胎儿胆囊容积。结果正常胎儿胆囊二维、容积测值与孕周呈正相关,二维测值快速便捷,容积测值更为精确。结论胎儿胆囊大小异常多与染色体疾病相关,建立胎儿胆囊大小参考值对胎儿胆道系统发育情况、及早发现不良妊娠结局均有重要意义,二维超声联合容积成像可为观察胎儿胆系异常提供有价值的信息。

关键词胎儿; 孕周; 胆囊; 容积自动测量技术

作者单位:610041 成都,成都市第一人民医院超声科

超声检查能动态观察胎儿各时期结构发育情况,目前,胆道系统的发育尚未纳入胎儿产前超声筛查标准评估内容,而且国内外胎儿胆道系统超声检测的相关研究报道较少。本研究通过观察分析孕13~40周胎儿胆囊显示率、孕15~40周胎儿胆囊二维测值、容积测值,建立胆囊二维测值与相应孕周的相关方程、正常参考值范围,容积测值的相关曲线方程,为胎儿胆系发育评估及胆系先天性疾病诊断提供依据。

资料与方法

一、一般资料

回顾性分析2014年12月—2017年8月于本院行常规产前筛查的556例13~40周的胎儿,孕妇年龄18~35岁,平均年龄(26.5±0.3)岁。

入选标准 :(1)孕妇孕前月经规则,自然受孕;(2)孕妇无全身性相关疾病,如甲状腺功能减退、糖尿病、高血压等;(3)单胎,产前筛查未见明显畸形;(4)胎儿生物学测值与孕周相符。

排除标准:(1)试管婴儿;(2)孕妇全身性相关疾病,如甲状腺功能减退、糖尿病、高血压等;(3)多胎妊娠、产前筛查胎儿重大结构畸形;(4)功能生长受限、巨大儿。

二、方法

1.仪器:采用三星麦迪逊V20、V30彩色多普勒超声仪,探头频率为3.5~5.0 MHz。孕妇仰卧位,扫查胎儿上腹部横切面,图像清晰,脊柱位于3点钟或9点钟方向,脐静脉呈U型包绕胆囊,胎儿胆囊显示最大矢状切面,放大胆囊,占据图像的1/5左右,测量纵径、前后径(图1),每例测量3次,取其平均值为最终测值。

A. Standard measurement method of longitudinal diameter of fetal gallbladder; B. Standard measurement method of anterior and posterior diameter of fetalgallbladder; C. Fetal gallbladder blood flow chart
图1 胎儿胆囊标准测量方法
Figure 1 Standard fetal gallbladder measurements

2.测量方法:利用XI-VOCAL容积测量技术计算260例胎儿胆囊容积。启动 XI-VOCAL容积计算软件,将胆囊图像放大至图像质量最佳,使胆囊二维切面位于最大矢状面,将2个游标放置在最长径边缘外侧,利用XI-VOCAL软件将胆囊均分为5层、10层、15层、20层,描记胆囊轮廓,描记过程结束后启动容积计算程序,估算出胎儿胆囊容积并重建出胎儿胆囊三维图像(图2),每例胆囊测量3次,取其平均值为最终测值。

A.Fetal gallbladder volume collection; B. Reconstruction of fetal gallbladder volume by XI-VOCAL
图2 胎儿胆囊容积测量方法
Figure 2 Measurement of fetal gallbladder volume

3.统计学处理:应用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学分析,应用线性回归方程计算胎儿胆囊二维、容积测值与孕周之间的相关方程,以孕周为自变量,胆囊二维、容积测值为因变量进行曲线拟合得出曲线方程,所有计量资料均用表示,P<0.05 表示差异有统计学意义。

一、不同孕周胎儿胆囊的显示率

本研究最早可在13周显示出胎儿胆囊,显示率极低,仅为6.25%;孕14周的胎儿胆囊显示率为36.36%;孕15周的胎儿胆囊显示率为50.00%;16~40周胎儿的胆囊显示率达90.00%以上。随着孕周增长,中孕期胎儿胆囊显示率达到高峰,至晚孕期,因各种因素干扰,胎儿胆囊显示率反而下降(图3)。见表1。

A. Fetal gallbladder at 24+3 weeks; B. Ultrasonographic view of the fetal gallbladder at 37 weeks, no gallbladder is shown; C. A two-dimensional diagram of the fetal gallbladder one hour later, showing contraction of the gallbladder, which is filled with slightly stronger echoes of spot-like detail, with a maximum diameter of 3.5mm; D. The result of the patient's review a week later was the same as that of 3C
图3 胎儿胆囊随孕周显示率下降
Figure 3 The fetal gallbladder rate decreased with gestational week

二、胎儿胆囊二维径线与孕周的相关性

本研究纳入556例胎儿,以孕周为自变量(X),胆囊纵径及前后径为因变量(Y)行曲线拟合。结果显示,胎儿胆囊纵径及前后径与孕周呈线性正相关,胎儿胆囊二维测值随孕周增加呈不同程度的增加,其中纵径较前后径明显,得出相应孕周二维测值正常参考值范围(见表2)及胎儿胆囊孕周与二维测值的相关方程:(X=孕周,Y=胆囊纵径)

纵径:Y=0.347X+12.481,P<0.01,R2=0.092(图4);

前后径:Y=0.056X+3.222,P<0.01,R2=0.043(图5)

表1孕13~40周胎儿胆囊显示率

Table1Fetal gallbladder display rate among 13~40 gestational weeks

Gestational weekNumber(N)Display Rate(%)1316.2514436.3615550.00163100.0017492.60185100.0019693.75206100.00216100.00229100.00235598.182410698.492538100.002639100.002725100.002819100.00299100.00307597.30311994.73329100.00333100.0034492.8535894.40362996.60373093.30381190.90392195.23401291.70

图4 胎儿胆囊纵径与孕周相关曲线
Figure 4 Correlation of the longitudinal diameter of the fetal gallbladder and gestational weeks

图5 胎儿胆囊前后径与孕周相关曲线
Figure 5 Correlation of anteroposterior diameter of fetal gallbladder and gestational weeks

表2孕15~40周胎儿胆囊二维测值正常参考值范围

Table2The normal reference range of two-dimensional fetal gallbladder measurements at 15~40 gestational weeks

GestationalweekNumber(N)Longitudinal diameter(mm) Anteroposterior diameter(mm)1555.50±0.851.90±0.141637.30±1.372.01±0.2317414.32±4.374.37±0.7918517.42±5.723.90±0.9119615.23±6.035.40±4.3420620.63±5.234.36±1.0421620.73±6.354.78±2.0722921.02±5.274.83±2.55235520.89±5.89 4.20±1.122410621.55±5.314.45±1.0125 3821.67±4.404.65±1.34263922.31±5.244.85±1.42272522.47±7.034.52±1.3228 1923.27±6.454.83±1.1429 923.90±4.974.76±1.89307523.63±5.935.42±1.53311924.53±6.695.56±1.5532 924.81±5.425.00±0.8733 324.03±5.075.26±1.0634425.52±3.515.82±1.0835825.60±3.996.58±1.2036 2925.48±8.244.77±1.60373025.12±6.604.69±1.9238 1125.60±7.345.12±1.56392125.85±8.145.74±1.98401226.79±6.604.87±1.97

三、胎儿胆囊容积与孕周的相关性

本研究纳入260例胎儿胆囊容积测值,以孕周为自变量(X),胆囊容积因变量(Y)行曲线拟合。结果显示,胎儿胆囊容积值随孕周增加呈不同程度增加,胎儿胆囊容积与孕周呈正相关,曲线呈“S”型,并得出相关方程:

X=孕周,Y=胆囊容积,将胆囊容积平均切割为5、10、15和20层。

5层:Y=46.61+5.39X+0.57X2P<0.01,R2=0.625;

10层:Y=43.32+5.02X+0.53X2P<0.01,R2=0.846;

15层:Y=44.22+4.78X+0.69X2P<0.01,R2=0.833;

20层:Y=45.44+5.28X+0.57X2P<0.01,R2=0.848。

四、胆囊二维测值与容积测值的相关性

本研究发现胎儿胆囊二维测值、容积测值均随孕周增加而增加,二者与孕周呈正相关,R>0 。其中,二维测值纵径较前后径准确(R纵径>R前后径),容积成像测值较二维测值更准确(R3D>R2D)。见图6。

图6 XI-VOCAL重建胎儿胆囊容积与孕周相关曲线
Figure 6 Correlation curve of fetal gallbladder volume with gestational weeks reconstructed by XI-VOCAL

将胎儿胆囊二维测值径线及容积测值与孕周行相关性分析,结果发现,胆囊二维测量评估胎儿胆系发育简便、快捷,准确率较低。XI-VOCAL容积测量技术较二维测值能更精确地评价胎儿胆囊大小与孕周的关系,其中将胎儿胆囊均分为20层估算出的胆囊容积最为准确(R2=0.848)。

五、胎儿胆囊异常发现

本研究产前超声发现胆囊异常共计16例。其中(1)胎儿型胆囊结石6例。1例产后为新生儿胆囊结石,余产后婴儿型结石消失,6例预后均良好。(2)胆囊长大7例。2例二维超声发现,经容积成像排除,产后无异常;5例容积成像提示胆囊长大,产前评估预后良好,1例产后持续性黄疸,超声检查发现肝门部“TC”征,肝内胆管I级分支扩张,胆囊呈塌陷状,产后诊断为胆道闭锁,患儿死亡。(3)3例胆囊过小。其中1例为中美混血,羊水筛查为胆囊囊性纤维化,引产,胆囊囊性纤维化欧美人群多见,亚洲人群几乎不可见;1例合并婴儿型胆囊结石,产后为新生儿结石;1例合并胆总管囊肿,产前经容积成像及产后手术证实,产后预后良好。见表3和图7。

1A. The small gallbladder with fetal gallstone; 1B.Postpartum reexamination ultrasound suggested neonatal gallstone;2. Gallbladder growth (the size is similar to the stomach);3A. The Small gall bladder combined with common bile duct cyst;3B. XI-VOCAL reconstruction
图7 胎儿胆囊异常超声表现
Figure 7 Fetal gallbladder abnormalities

表3胎儿胆囊异常表现
Table3The abnormal findings of fetal gallbladder

GallbladderabnormalNubmer(N)2D 3DUltrasonic FindingsOther testsPrognosisY NPostnatal appearanceThe fetalgallbladder stones6Ultrasound showedof slightly strong echo/strong echo in the fetal gallbladder, with or without bile fill-ingnegative6 0One case was neonatal calcu-lus, and the remaining 5 cases of gallstones disappearedThe gallbladder grew up2 51.The sum of the longitudinal di-ameter and the anterior and poste-rior diameter of the gallbladder was 2 times of the standard deviation. 2.Measurement of volume exceeds 95% confidence intervalnegative7 0A case had persistent jaundice a week after delivery, and the ul-trasonography showed "TC" signs of the hilar, indicating biliary atresia after delivery, and the remaining 6 cases had no abnormalitiesThe smallgallbladder3The gallbladder is cleft, with little or no bile filling1.A case was associated with fetal gallstone;2.A case with common bile duct cyst;3.A case abnormal amni-otic fluid screening2 11.A case with abnormal amni-otic fluid was indicated cystic fibrosis;2.A case combined with com-mon bile duct cyst, which had a good prognosis;3.A case had no abnormality.

一、二维超声对胎儿胆囊显示的观察

胚胎发育的第12周起,胆囊开始腔化,肝细胞分泌胆汁,孕13周时胆汁经胆管输入十二指肠[1],因此,13周以后超声便可观察到胎儿胆囊。Bronshtein等[2]的研究显示胎儿胆囊异常的发生率为1.7‰,Chan等[3]的研究显示正常胎儿超声检查均可发现胆囊。Shen[4]等认为孕14周后未显示胆囊,1~2周后的随访复查中若仍未显示,应诊断胎儿胆囊未显示。胎儿胆囊未显示相关的疾病包括胆囊囊性纤维化、非整倍体、胆囊发育不良及胆道闭锁等[5-6]。国外学者认为[7-11],对胎儿胆囊未显示的病例建议行羊水穿刺检测羊水中消化酶,并行胆囊囊性纤维化基因分析,排除胆道闭锁和先天性胆囊囊性纤维化。

本研究首次检查胆囊未显示,可能与孕周过小、骨性结构遮挡,吞食羊水导致胆囊收缩等因素有关,对于此类病例在随后观察中均可显示。本研究对胎儿胆囊显示的观察有重要意义:(1)能对单一胆道发育异常进行产前诊断;(2)对未显示胆囊者,可认为是存在染色体异常的产前诊断的软指标,对排除染色体相关疾病有辅助作用。因此,对胎儿胆囊未显示的病例,需进一步排除其他系统畸形或累计观察存在染色体异常畸形筛查的软指标,来评估胎儿染色体异常的风险,对于仅表现为胎儿胆囊未显示者,可采取短期内随访。

二、超声对胎儿胆囊显示率的观察

2003年韩国进行了一项大样本研究[12],该文献报道经腹部超声检查孕12~16周的胎儿胆囊显示率为31.4%,中、晚孕期显示率>90%。本研究经腹超声探查胎儿胆囊显示率,结果与韩国大样本研究比较,两者差异无统计学意义。

三、超声随访观察胎儿胆囊的重要性

近年来国内外关于胎儿胆系发育异常的报道逐渐增多[13-17],如妊娠期胆囊内强回声、双胆囊、胆囊发育不全或缺如、先天性胆总管囊肿等。研究发现[18-19],产前超声提示胆囊过大或过小,胎儿患染色体疾病的风险增高。

本研究中6例胎儿型胆囊结石于晚孕后期发现,产后复查示:5例胆囊结石均消失;仅1例24周胎儿胆囊显示正常,晚孕期超声发现婴儿型胆囊结石,产后复查诊断为新生儿结石。因此,本研究认为胎儿发育为动态发展过程,不能仅依靠某次检查则忽略其后的动态观察,如,由代谢引起的疾病、胆汁分泌异常、胆囊结石、胆囊收缩功能的评估,排除收缩功能异常的相关性疾病更需随访至产后。动态观察还对先天性胆道疾病发展提供新的证据,对其预后进行评估,尤其是能排除胆系异常所导致的不良妊娠结局。

四、二维测量评估胎儿胆囊发育的可行性

Goldstein等[8]对13周至足月儿的胆囊径线进行测量,计算出相应孕周胎儿胆囊二维径线的参考值范围。2003年韩国学者大样本研究[12]及国内王睿婕等[20]也有类似研究。本研究纳入范围超过以往学者纳入范围,对胎儿胆囊发育进行量化,当其他生物学测量提示异常时,可将胆囊测值纳入评估范畴,为产前检查提供评估胎儿生长发育的新指标。有学者认为[21],产前超声提示胆囊异常增大,染色体检查可表现为13-三体综合征或母子Rh因子不合。本研究发现,胆囊增大2例,行容积测量,提示大小正常,后期随访无异常。胆囊过小3例,其中1例晚孕期胆囊小合并婴儿型胆囊结石,产后无异常;1例随访过程中胆囊呈持续性扁平状经羊水穿刺提示为胆囊囊性纤维化;1例合并胆总管囊肿,产后胆囊正常、先天性胆总管囊肿。

本研究建立的孕15~40周胎儿胆囊二维测值正常值参考范围有助于估测不同孕周胆囊二维测值是否偏离正常范围,二维测值简单快捷,可一定程度评估胎儿胆囊大小,但其精确度较容积测量偏小,可作为初步评估胎儿胆囊大小的量化标准。

五、容积测量评估胎儿胆囊发育的优势

胆囊为形态多变的空腔脏器,二维参数难以准确地对其进行评估,容积测量更具有说服力。近年来研发的XI-VOCAL容积测量技术,适合临床计算相关空腔脏器的容积[22-26]。本研究对以上胎儿胆囊均行容积采集,通过胎儿胆囊容积测量数据统计进一步探索胎儿胆囊在发育过程中的重要意义。

王冰等[27]对成人胆囊容积的二维及三维测量方法进行了对比分析,刘晓英等[28]应用三维超声容积自动测量技术(VOCAL)评价胎儿胆囊发育,得出胆囊容积曲线相关方程,本研究结果与上述研究相似,但本研究与其计算得出的曲线方程不同,均呈曲线相关。

本研究估算胎儿胆囊容积,四种层数计算方法差异无统计学意义,经过对比,将胎儿胆囊均分为20层计算容积(R2=0.848)最为精确。本研究在检查过程中二维超声发现胆囊增大2例,将增大胆囊行容积计算,均在95%可信区间内。因此,胎儿胆囊容积测值较二维测值更准确,当二维超声发现胎儿胆囊过大或过小时,因对其进行容积估测,判断容积是否异常。本研究有5例容积成像超过95%可信区间,2例处于临界值,随访中无异常;3例胆囊增大,其中2例产后无异常,1例产后1天超声未见新生儿胆系明显异常,产后1周患儿持续性黄疸就诊,超声发现胆囊塌陷,肝内胆管轻度扩张,肝门部“TC”征,诊断为胆道闭锁。有学者曾报道[21]孕15周发现胆囊增大,尸体解剖发现胆道闭锁,该例发现时间早,及早阻止不良妊娠结局。本研究胆囊增大不明显、检查医师重视度不够,是导致产前及产后漏诊的原因。目前,国内外尚无相关文献报道胆囊增大与胆道闭锁有关,仍需进一步研究证实。

综上所述,胎儿胆囊大小多与染色体疾病相关。本研究对胆囊大小发育情况提供量化指标,为胎儿生长发育提供新指标,同时还为妊娠期存在染色体异常可能提供新的证据。但因孕周样本量差异明显,仍待大样本、多中心研究以进一步探索胎儿胆囊在发育过程中的重要意义。

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Evaluationoffetalgallbladderandgestationalagebytwo-dimensionalultrasoundcombinedwithXI-VOCALvolumemeasurement

HUYi,LUOYu,ZHOUWeichen,HUANGLiqiong,FENGMengjuan,MAXiaojuan.

ChengduMunicipalFirstPeoplesHospital,Sichuan, 610041,China

[Abstract]ObjectiveTo establish the normal range of two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound fetal gallbladder measurement and corresponding gestational weeks and to obtain the growth curve equation of fetal gallbladder volume by XI-VOCAL volumetric measurement technique, and to explore the relationship between fetal gallbladder volume and gestational weeks.Methods556 single fetuses with 13 to 40 weeks of gestation were screened in our hospital from December 2014 to August 2017. Inclusion criteria was women who lived in Chengdu for a long time without pregnancy complications. The 2D ultrasound diameter of fetal gallbladder was measured and fetal gallbladder volumes of 260 infants with 22 to 32 weeks of gestation were collected. The volume of fetal gallbladder was estimated by XI-VOCAL.ResultsThe 2D ultrasound measurement and XI-VOCAL volumetric measurement of fetal gallbladder among healthy infants was positively correlated with gestational age. The 2D ultrasound gallbladder volume measurement was fast and convenient, and the XI-VOCAL volume measurement was more accurate.ConclusionThe abnormal size of fetal gallbladder is mostly related to chromosomal diseases. It is important to establish the reference value of fetal gallbladder size for the development of fetal biliary tract system and the early detection of adverse pregnancy outcomes. 2D ultrasound combined with volume imaging can provide valuable information for the diagnosis of fetal biliary abnormalities.

[Keywords]fetus; gestational weeks; gallbladder; XI-VOCAL

通讯作者:马晓娟(mona_ma_2014@163.com)

基金项目:四川省医学会科研项目(S15015)

(收稿日期:2018-05-09)