·妇儿临床·

子痫前期双胎孕妇血小板参数及凝血功能指标变化的临床分析

刘兆董 赵扬玉 魏瑗 杨静

【摘要】 目的 通过比较子痫前期(PE) 和正常双胎孕妇在妊娠不同时期血小板参数及凝血功能指标变化情况,探讨上述指标在双胎妊娠不同时期的变化特点及在PE病情评估和发病预测方面的临床应用价值。 方法 选取2014年1月至2017年6月在北京大学第三医院产科住院分娩的370例双胎孕妇为研究对象,其中轻度子痫前期55例,重度子痫前期75例,正常双胎孕妇240例,回顾性分析三组孕妇在妊娠不同时期血小板参数[血小板计数(PLT)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)、血小板平均体积(MPV)、血小板压积(PCT)]及凝血功能指标[凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原含量(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)]的变化规律及临床意义。 结果 ①凝血功能各指标中,从孕早期到孕中晚期,PT逐渐缩短,DD逐渐升高,各组内比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。孕晚期组间比较,重度PE组的FIB比其他两组均降低,重度PE组的TT比其他两组均升高,轻度PE组和重度PE组的DD及APTT均比正常组升高(P<0.05)。②血小板参数中,从孕早期到孕中晚期,PLT和PCT逐渐下降,MPV、PDW逐渐升高(P<0.05)。组间比较,孕晚期,PDW、MPV在轻度PE组和重度PE组均比正常组升高,PLT、PCT在重度PE组均比正常组下降(P<0.05)。③妊娠晚期做ROC曲线预测子痫前期,TT的AUC=67.5%,截断值=13.5s,OR=2.1,P<0.01;PDW的AUC=70.7%,截断值=13.5fL,OR=1.7,P<0.01。 结论 ①子痫前期可能引发内外源性凝血系统的异常,血液异常高凝,动态监测凝血功能指标及血小板参数变化有助于了解病情发展,指导临床工作。②TT和PDW可能是早期预测双胎子痫前期发生的有效指标,若妊娠中晚期超过截断值,可起警示作用。

【关键词】 双胎妊娠; 子痫前期; 凝血功能; 血小板参数; 预测; 疾病严重程度

作者单位:100191,北京大学第三医院妇产科(刘兆董,赵扬玉,魏瑗,杨静);350001 福州,福建省妇幼保健院妇产科(刘兆董)

子痫前期(preeclampsia,PE)是妊娠中晚期出现的严重并发症,严重影响孕妇及围产儿预后 [1]。其发病机制复杂,目前还未完全明确。PE患者存在异常的高凝状态,血小板减少且体积增大,凝血功能亢进,凝血和纤溶系统平衡失调,出现了凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)缩短,而PT、APTT又分别是检测外源性和内源性凝血系统的指标[2]。因此检测这些指标变化对指导治疗及预防PE有一定的临床意义[3]。近年来,随着辅助生殖技术的提高,双胎妊娠发生率及并发PE的发生率都存在增高趋势。双胎妊娠PE的发病率是单胎妊娠的4倍,且较单胎妊娠要承受更大的身体负担,若凝血和纤溶系统失衡,对母胎健康的影响更大[4]。诊治PE疾病关键环节是筛查和预测,如何便捷、有效地预测双胎PE的发生,及时干预和治疗是临床医生广泛关注的问题[5]。因此本研究通过对PE双胎孕妇凝血功能和血小板参数的检测,研究其动态变化规律,探讨其与PE发生及发展的可能关系,筛选出可能的预测指标,指导临床及时合理的诊治,改善母儿预后。

对象与方法

一、研究对象

选取2014年1月至2017年6月在北京大学第三医院产科建档定期产检并分娩的双胎孕妇临床资料3 306例,按照第八版《妇产科学》中妊娠期高血压疾病诊断及分级标准[6],纳入PE病例,并排除妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、慢性高血压、慢性肾病、慢性肝病、心脏疾病、血液系统疾病(包括血小板减少性紫癜、再生障碍性贫血等)、自身免疫性疾病、严重创伤史、吸烟史等,且近期未使用过影响凝血及血小板功能的药物,从中筛选出PE双胎孕妇130例作为观察组,其中轻度子痫前期(mild preeclampsia,mPE)55例,重度子痫前期(severe preeclampsia,sPE)75例。同时选取年龄、孕前体重指数相似的正常双胎孕妇240例作为对照组。

二、方法

1.资料分析:采用回顾性病例对照分析。将研究对象分为三个大组:正常双胎妊娠组、mPE组、sPE组,每个组内按照孕早期(≤12+6周)、孕中期(13~27+6周)和孕晚期(28~41周)再分三个亚组,分别在组内及组间进行各个检测指标的比较。研究指标包括血小板计数(platelet count,PLT)、血小板分布宽度(platelet distribution width,PDW)、血小板平均体积(mean platelet volume,MPV)、血小板压积(plateletcrit,PCT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、纤维蛋白原含量(fibrinogen,FIB)、D-二聚体(d-dimer,DD)、PT、 APTT共九项。

2.统计学分析:数据采用SPSS19.0统计软件包进行分析,计量资料以表示;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,若方差不齐,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。通过受试者工作特征曲线(receiver-operating characteristic,ROC)计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),筛选出可能的预测因子,根据约登指数峰值,计算出诊断参数。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结 果

一、一般资料

三组之间的年龄无统计学差异(P>0.05),孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期检查时的孕周数均无统计学差异(P>0.05);产次、孕前体重指数,均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。详见表1。

二、凝血功能指标

从孕早期到孕中晚期,各个组内PT均逐渐缩短;组间比较,孕中晚期,轻度PE组、重度PE组比正常妊娠组均缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TT组间比较,在孕晚期,重度PE组比其他两组均升高(P<0.05)。APTT在各组内比较均是先下降后升高,但孕晚期仍比孕早期低;组间比较,孕晚期轻度PE组、重度PE组均比正常组升高(P<0.05)。随着妊娠进展,各个组内DD均逐渐升高;组间比较,孕晚期比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。FIB组内比较,正常组在孕期逐渐升高;轻度PE组和重度PE组,均是先升高后下降,但孕晚期仍比孕早期高。组间比较,孕晚期,重度PE组比其他两组均降低(P<0.05)。凝血功能各指标变化详见表2。

三、血小板参数

随着妊娠进展,PLT逐渐下降,各组内比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组间比较,孕晚期重度PE组、轻度PE组均比正常组下降(P<0.05)。各组内比较,MPV在孕晚期均比孕早中期升高(P<0.05)。组间比较,孕晚期重度PE组、轻度PE组均比正常组升高(P<0.05)。PDW从孕早期到孕中晚期逐渐升高(P<0.05)。组间比较,孕中晚期重度PE组、轻度PE组均比正常组升高(P<0.05)。PCT从孕早期到孕中晚期逐渐下降,各组内比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组间比较,孕晚期,重度PE组比正常组降低(P<0.05)。血小板参数变化详见表3。

表1 三组孕妇一般资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of general characteristics of three groups of pregnant women

GroupCase(n)Age(y)Firsttrimester(week)Secondtrimester(week)Thirdtrimester(week)BMI(kg/m2)Normal24031.9±4.17.9±2.223.5±3.633.7±2.621.0±3.1mPE5532.2±4.98.6±2.224.4±3.434.6±2.021.0±3.2sPE7531.6±5.48.5±2.423.8±3.233.1±2.521.2±3.3

表2 三组孕妇凝血功能指标的变化
Table 2 Changes of coagulation indexes in the three groups of pregnant women

GroupCase(n)TT(s)PT(s)APTT(s)FIB(g/L)D-D(mg/L)Normal240 Firsttrimester13.2±1.010.9±0.630.1±2.93.6±0.70.2±0.1 Secondtrimester12.8±1.010.2±0.427.1±2.0a4.4±0.8a0.6±0.3a Thirdtrimester13.0±1.29.8±0.4ab28.2±2.5ab4.5±1.0a0.9±0.3abmPE55 Firsttrimester13.1±1.410.9±0.830.3±3.43.7±0.90.2±0.2 Secondtrimester12.9±1.19.9±0.5ac27.5±1.6a4.5±0.9a0.6±0.5a Thirdtrimester13.2±1.09.6±0.3abc29.1±2.7bc4.4±0.7a1.1±0.8abcsPE75 Firsttrimester13.2±1.210.7±0.630.5±3.13.7±0.70.2±0.2 Secondtrimester13.1±1.29.8±0.5ac28.0±2.0ac4.3±0.8a0.7±0.7a Thirdtrimester14.1±1.3cd9.4±0.5abcd29.4±2.9bc3.9±0.8cd1.5±1.3abcd

Note:compared with first trimester, aP<0.05; compared with second trimester, bP<0.05; compared with the normal group, cP<0.05; compared with mPE group, dP<0.05.

表3 三组孕妇血小板参数指标的变化
Table 3 Changes of platelet parameters in the three groups of pregnant women(

GroupCase(n)PLT(10^9/L)PDW(fL)MPV(fL)PCT(%)Normal240 Firsttrimester251.8±56.811.5±1.810.1±0.80.3±0.5 Secondtrimester228.5±49.9a11.5±1.810.1±0.80.2±0.1 Thirdtrimester194.2±48.2ab13.3±2.7ab10.8±1.1ab0.2±0.5abmPE55 Firsttrimester254.7±53.211.3±1.69.8±0.80.3±0.1 Secondtrimester225.4±44.5a12.3±2.4ac10.1±0.90.2±0.1a Thirdtrimester177.9±49.9abc15.5±3.2abc10.8±1.9abc0.2±0.1absPE75 Firsttrimester245.8±51.011.4±1.410.1±0.80.3±0.1 Secondtrimester210.3±54.9ac12.9±2.6ac10.4±1.1c0.2±0.1a Thirdtrimester168.2±48.5abc15.4±3.2abc11.5±1.4abc0.2±0.1abc

Note:compared with first trimester, aP<0.05; compared with second trimester, bP<0.05; compared with the normal group, cP<0.05; compared with mPE group, dP<0.05.

四、凝血功能及血小板参数的各指标预测结果

妊娠早期各项参数没有明显的预测价值。妊娠中期ROC曲线发现TT、APTT、PDW预测PE的发生有一定的临床意义,但预测价值有限(AUC分别为65.3%、63.4%、63.5%)。绘制妊娠晚期的ROC曲线发现TT、PDW是可选的预测指标,其AUC分别为67.5%、70.7%。TT预测PE的截断值13.5s,敏感性65.7%,特异性73.2%,OR=2.1,95%CI=1.5~2.9,P<0.001。PDW的截断值13.4fL,敏感性76.5%,特异性59.1%,OR=1.7,95%CI=1.4~2.2,P<0.001。详见图1(PLT、PCT、PT、FIB、DD的AUC均在60%以下,图1中未列出)及表4。

图1 妊娠晚期ROC曲线示意图
Figure 1 ROC curve in third trimester

讨 论

PE是孕妇特有的多系统疾病,也是产科常见的严重并发症,对母儿危害巨大[7]。其病理基础是全身小血管痉挛性收缩,内皮功能损伤,引起血管及全身炎症反应、氧化应激增加及凝血功能紊乱及导致血压升高,严重者甚至会发生HELLP综合征、子痫、弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)以及多器官功能衰竭(MODS)等。目前发病机制尚未完全明了,凝血系统和纤溶系统失调可能是PE发病的重要因素。临床上应用较多的筛查指标包括凝血功能和血小板参数,凝血功能可以反映凝血系统及纤溶系统状态,血小板参数可以反映血小板的激活、聚集和粘附功能,这些指标均可用于PE病情评估。

一、子痫前期双胎孕妇凝血功能变化分析

PT和APTT分别是检测外源性和内源性凝血系统的指标。PT在妊娠早期无明显变化,到妊娠中晚期逐渐缩短,PE组比正常妊娠组明显缩短,且在孕晚期的TT、APTT、DD均出现了明显异常,说明了凝血系统和纤溶系统出现了功能障碍 [8]。DD在妊娠早期无明显异常,妊娠进展到中晚期逐渐升高,重度PE组异常升高,说明了继发性纤溶功能亢进,因此DD的水平可以作为判断疾病严重程度及预后转归的指标。本研究发现,正常双胎组中,FIB随着妊娠进展逐渐增高,而在PE组中,FIB是先升高后又下降,可能的原因是随着PE进展,纤溶系统激活,FIB消耗增多、失代偿,严重者可导致DIC等全身性疾病[9]

二、子痫前期双胎孕妇血小板参数变化分析

血小板参与止血的病理过程。该研究重度PE组在孕中晚期PLT、PCT明显低于正常组,MPV、PDW显著高于正常组,提示说明重度PE孕妇外周血PLT严重破坏,骨髓动员血小板活化、机体代偿产生大量新生幼稚血小板。MPV升高多见于外周血PLT破坏,MPV下降多见于骨髓造血功能受损,MPV、PDW比PLT更能及时准确的反应PLT低下的原因,较早的起到警示作用,是诊断和观测PE较敏感的指标[10]。各组内PCT随孕周增加均逐渐下降,组间比较孕早中期无统计学差异,提示PCT在显示血小板功能方面敏感性欠缺,说明PCT可能对预测PE无明显的警示作用。Viana-Rojas等[11]以64例PE(轻度26例、重度38例)和70例正常妊娠孕妇做对比,发现PE组的PDW、MPV水平更高,提示PDW、MPV是预测PE严重程度的便捷指标。

表4 妊娠晚期各预测指标的预测价值
Table 4 The predictive value of selected indicators during the late stage of pregnancy

PredictiveindexCut-offSensitivity(%)Specificity(%)PeakvalueofYoudenindexOR95%CILowerlimitUpperlimitTT(s)13.565.773.20.42.1∗1.52.9APTT(s)27.774.851.00.31.6∗1.31.9DD(mg/L)1.723.585.90.11.20.72.2PDW(fL)13.476.559.10.41.7∗1.42.2MPV(fL)11.256.568.50.31.9∗1.42.5

Note:*P<0.001

三、子痫前期双胎孕妇凝血功能及血小板参数的预测价值分析

本研究数据显示,TT、APTT、MPV和PDW均为可选的预测PE发生的指标。妊娠晚期,凝血指标中TT的预测价值较其他指标高,血小板参数中PDW预测性较好。可见在妊娠晚期,TT和PDW可能是早期预测PE发生的可靠指标[12-13]。Yang等[14]通过研究轻度PE组、重度PE组和正常孕妇组的MPV、PDW与平均动脉压的关系,认为PDW可以作为预测PE严重程度的理想指标。Yucel [15]进行一项219例患者(轻度PE 27例,重度PE 82例,正常孕妇110例)的回顾性分析,MPV和PCT的AUC值分别为0.64和0.71,作为预测重度PE的临床指标。Han等[16]对174例(轻度PE53例,重度PE42例,正常孕妇79例)单胎孕妇进行回顾性研究,ROC曲线分析认为TT对PE的预测价值最高,其次是MPV和PT,TT(AUC:0.74)和MPV(AUC:0.67)截断值分别为12.65s、9.95fL,推荐可作为早期监测PE发病和严重程度的有用指标。本研究中,妊娠晚期MPV的截断值为11.2fL,较Han等研究的截断值高,可能是因为双胎子痫前期和单胎妊娠的血凝状况存在差异。

结语

综上所述,动态检测双胎孕妇在妊娠不同时期下凝血功能及血小板参数各指标的变化,有助于及时发现血凝状况的异常,监测PE的发生、发展,对PE的防治有一定的参考价值。各项参考指标基本都包含在常规孕期产检中,临床应用简便、易行,可值得推广。

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Clinical analysis of changes of platelet parameters and blood coagulation indices in twin pregnancy complicated with preeclampsia

LIU Zhaodong, ZHAO Yangyu, WEI Yuan, YANG Jing. Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

[Abstract] Objective To compare the levels of platelet parameters and blood coagulation indices across different stages of pregnancy and between preeclampsia (PE) and normal twin pregnant women, and explore the values of these indicators with respect to predication and clinical management of PE. Methods A total of 370 twin pregnancies who gave birth in Peking University Third Hospital from January 2014 to June 2017 were included in this study, including 55 diagnosed as mild PE, 75 as severe PE, and 240 as normal twin pregnancy. Their platelet parameters including platelet count (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and plateletcrit (PCT), and blood coagulation indices including thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen(FIB), and D-dimer (DD) were extracted from medical records, and differences in these indicators among the three groups at different stages of pregnancy were examined. Results ① In all the three groups of patients, the PT decreased and DD increased in the middle and late stage of pregnancy compared to the early stage (P<0.05). In the late pregnancy, the FIB was lower and TT was higher in severe PE group than the other two groups; the DD and APTT in the two PE groups were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). ② The PLT and PCT decreased and MPV and PDW increased in the middle and late stage of pregnancy compared to early pregnancy (P<0.05). In the late pregnancy, the PDW and MPV in the two PE groups were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05), whereas the PLT and PCT in the severe PE group were lower than the normal group (P<0.05). ③ Among these indicators, the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were relatively higher for TT and PDW in the late pregnancy (67.5% and 70.7%, respectively), indicating good predictive performance of these two indicators for PE; the suggested cut-off value for TT was 13.5 s and for PDW was 13.5 fL. Conclusion ① PE may be associated with abnormal coagulation in both internal and external clotting system and with severe hypercoagulable state of the blood. Dynamic monitoring of the changes of platelet parameters and blood coagulation indices may be helpful in guiding clinical management of PE. ② TT and PDW are two potential indicators for early prediction of PE; it warrants close monitoring of occurrence of PE when the levels of these two indicators exceed the suggested cut-off value at middle and late pregnancy.

[Key words] Twin pregnancy; Preeclampsia; Coagulation ability; Platelet parameters; Forecasting; Severity of disease

基金项目:国家“生殖健康及重大出生缺陷防控研究”重点专项(2016YFC1000400,子课题2016YFC1000408)

通讯作者:赵扬玉(zhaoyangyu001@163.com)

(收稿日期:2018-11-26)