·论著·

自然周期冻融胚胎移植日血清雌二醇、孕酮水平对妊娠结局的影响

徐书凝 贾珠 张宁

【摘要】 目的 探讨自然周期冻融胚胎移植(NT-FET)中胚胎移植日血清雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)水平对妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2019年5月至2021年5月于山东中医药大学附属医院生殖中心行NT-FET的不孕症患者共503个周期的临床资料,根据有无活产结局分为活产组140个周期和无活产组363个周期,比较两组移植日血清激素水平及其他相关资料。另根据503个周期移植日血清孕酮水平四分位数、移植日血清雌二醇水平四分位数再各分四个亚组,比较四组的活产率及临床妊娠率,并分析移植日血清雌二醇、孕酮水平及其他相关资料对活产结局的影响。结果活产组和无活产组的移植日血清雌二醇水平、移植日血清孕酮水平、移植胚胎数、移植优质胚胎数、年龄、移植日内膜厚度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),体重、体质指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。移植日血清孕酮水平四组间、移植日血清雌二醇水平四组间活产率及临床妊娠率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),通过组间两两比较,16.4 ng/mLP=0.008)。移植日血清孕酮水平升高(P=0.021,OR=0.84,95%CI=0.73~0.97)、移植优质胚胎数增加(P=0.048,OR=0.71,95%CI=0.51~1.00)是活产结局的保护因素;年龄增长(P=0.020,OR=1.35,95%CI=1.05~1.75)、移植日血清雌二醇水平升高(P=0.017,OR=1.21,95%CI=1.04~1.42)是活产结局的危险影响因素。结论NT-FET移植日血清雌二醇、孕酮水平是妊娠结局的影响因素。

【关键词】 冻融胚胎移植; 移植日; 孕酮; 雌二醇; 妊娠结局

自然周期冻融胚胎移植(natural cycle frozen embryo transfer,NT-FET)与激素替代周期冻融胚胎移植(hormonal replacement therapy frozen embryo transfer,HRT-FET)活产率相似[1]。自然周期简便经济,现已成为规律排卵人群的首选内膜制备方案。HRT-FET完全由人工构建,已有大量关于其移植前后血清激素水平对妊娠结局影响的研究,但尚无统一结论。多数研究认为移植日或移植前一日过低的血清孕酮水平[2-4]及黄体酮给药日过高的血清雌二醇水平[5-6]会对HRT-FET妊娠结局产生不利影响,也有少量研究同时发现移植日过高的血清孕酮水平也会对HRT-FET妊娠结局产生不利影响[7-8]

与肌肉注射相比,黄体酮阴道用药后子宫内膜局部的孕酮水平更高[9],现常用于黄体功能完全由人工替代的HRT-FET,但无法准确估计其进入体循环的比例[9]。基于此,继续研究HRT-FET移植日血清孕酮水平对妊娠结局的影响对临床工作的指导意义不大。价格低廉的黄体酮注射液是NT-FET制备内膜的合适选择。黄体酮肌肉注射后直接进入体循环,血清孕酮水平可较准确的反映子宫内膜孕酮水平,但当前NT-FET移植日血清雌二醇、孕酮水平对妊娠结局的影响研究尚不多。为能对临床工作给予更多指导,本研究旨在探讨NT-FET移植日血清雌二醇、孕酮水平对妊娠结局的影响。

对象与方法

一、对象

选取2019年5月至2021年5月于本院生殖中心NT-FET移植第三天卵裂期胚胎的不孕症患者共503个周期的临床资料。纳入标准:年龄21~40岁;胚胎来自夫妇本人的卵母细胞及精子。排除标准:多囊卵巢综合征;免疫异常;子宫解剖形态异常;子宫内膜异位症、子宫腺肌症;子宫内膜炎、子宫内膜息肉;存在改变宫腔形态的子宫肌瘤;薄型子宫内膜;夫妇染色体异常;合并高泌乳素血症、糖尿病、甲功异常等内分泌疾病及重大内外科疾病。

二、方法

1.临床方案:所有患者于月经周期第9天开始每日B超监测卵泡发育情况,于排卵日开始予黄体酮注射液(浙江仙琚制药股份有限公司)20 mg im qd×3 d,排卵后第3天进行卵裂期胚胎移植,至多移植2枚胚胎,若排卵日内膜厚度<7 mm 则取消移植。移植当日上午7点半于本中心检验室使用雌二醇测定试剂盒、孕酮测定试剂盒通过连续两步酶免法进行血清E2、P水平测定,使用UniCel Dex 800 Access免疫分析仪进行分析。雌二醇测定范围为0~5 400 pg/mL,孕酮测定范围为0.1~40 ng/mL。移植后于移植日始予地屈孕酮片(雅培贸易有限公司)20 mg po qd 支持黄体功能,移植后35d B超下见宫腔内胎心搏动为临床妊娠,继续黄体支持至妊娠12周。

2.胚胎评分:按Peter卵裂期胚胎评分系统评估卵裂期胚胎质量。I级:卵裂球大小均匀,形状规则,透亮,碎片<10%;II级:卵裂球稍不均匀或形状稍不规则,胞质有颗粒现象,碎片在10%~20%之间;III级:卵裂球明显不均匀或形状明显不规则,胞质有颗粒现象,碎片在20%~50%之间;IV级:卵裂球严重不均匀或形状严重不规则,胞质有颗粒现象,碎片>50%。将I级胚胎定义为优质胚胎,II级胚胎定义为可用胚胎。

3.研究指标:主要指标是活产率,活产率=有至少一个活婴分娩的周期数/移植周期数×100%;次要指标是临床妊娠率,临床妊娠率=有临床妊娠的周期数/移植周期数×100%。

4.统计方法:使用SPSS 21.0进行统计学分析。连续变量中的正态分布数据以均值±标准差表示,非正态分布数据以中位数和四分位数[P50(P25,P75)]表示。分类变量以百分比(病例数)表示。使用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验比较连续变量,使用卡方检验比较分类变量。根据503个周期移植日血清孕酮水平四分位数(P25:12.7 ng/mL、P 50:16.4 ng/mL、P 75:21.6 ng/mL)、移植日血清雌二醇水平四分位数(P25:100 pg/mL、P50:136 pg/mL、P75:179 pg/mL)各分为四个亚组(0~25%,25.1%~50%,50.1%~75%,75.1%~100%),比较孕酮、雌二醇各四个亚组间及两两组间的活产率及临床妊娠率。四组整体比较P<0.05为差异有统计学意义,两两组间比较P<0.0125为差异有统计学意义。在调整相关因素后,进行Logistic逐步回归分析计算具有95%置信区间(CI)的优势比(OR)。OR>1.1为有负面影响,OR<0.9为有正面影响。

结 果

一、活产组和无活产组的移植日血清激素水平等指标的比较

两组患者的年龄、移植日血清雌二醇水平、移植日血清孕酮水平、移植日内膜厚度、移植胚胎数、移植优质胚胎数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患者的体重、体质指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

表1 活产组和无活产组的相关资料及移植日血清激素水平比较 [P50(P25,P75)]
Table1 Comparison of relevant information and serum hormone levels on transplantation day between the live birth group and no live birth group [P50(P25,P75)]

group age (year) weight (kg) body mass index (kg / m 2 ) intimal thickness (mm) serum progesterone levels(ng / mL) serum estradiol levels(pg / mL) number of transferred embryos (number) number of high-quality transferred embryos (number) Live birth group (140 cycles) 32(30,35) 60(54,65) 22. 4(20. 6,24. 9) 11(9. 7,12. 0) 17. 7(13. 7,21. 3) 123. 5(93. 3,168. 5) 2(2,2) 1(0,1) No live birth group (363 cycles) 33(31,37) ∗ 59(53,65) 22. 3(20. 4,24. 8) 10. 4(9. 3,11. 8) ∗ 16. 0(12. 4,21. 7) ∗ 139. 0(106. 0,181. 0) ∗ 2(2,2) ∗ 1(0,1) ∗

Compared to the live birth group,*P<0.05

二、移植日血清孕酮水平四个亚组的活产率及临床妊娠率比较

血清孕酮四组间的活产率(P=0.058)及临床妊娠率(P=0.204)比较,差异无统计学意义。16.4 ng/mLP=0.008)。其他组间两两比较,活产率无统计学差异(P>0.0125),P>21.6 ng/mL组比16.4 ng/mLP=0.078)。临床妊娠率组间两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.0125),P≤12.7 ng/mL组比16.4 ng/mLP=0.047)。见表2。

表2 移植日血清孕酮水平四个亚组的整体比较及两两组间比较
Table2 Comparison between the serum progesterone levels four groups and between the two groups

variables P≤12. 7 ng / mL group 12. 7 21. 6 ng / mL group Live birth rate(%) 21. 4(27 / 126) 27. 2(34 / 125) 36. 8(46 / 125) ∗ 26. 0(33 / 127) Clinical pregnancy rate(%) 28. 6(36 / 126) 32. 0(40 / 125) 40. 8(51 / 125) 30. 7(39 / 127)

Compared to the P≤12.7 ng/mL group,*P<0.01

三、移植日血清雌二醇水平四个亚组的活产率及临床妊娠率比较

血清雌二醇四组间的活产率(P=0.134)及临床妊娠率(P=0.314)差异均无统计学意义。组间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.0125),但136 pg/mLP=0.043)及E2>179 pg/mL组(P=0.050)的活产率比E2≤100 pg/mL组相对较低。临床妊娠率的组间两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.0125)。见表3。

表3 移植日血清雌二醇水平四个亚组的整体比较及两两组间比较
Table3 Comparison between the serum estradiol levels four groups and between the two groups

variables E2≤100 pg / mL group 100179 pg / mL group Live birth rate(%) 35. 7(45 / 126) 27. 2(34 / 125) 24. 0(30 / 125) 24. 4(31 / 127) Clinical pregnancy rate(%) 39. 7(50 / 126) 32. 0(40 / 125) 29. 6(37 / 125) 30. 7(39 / 127)

四、移植日血清雌二醇、孕酮水平及相关指标对妊娠结局的影响

将503名患者的年龄、移植日孕酮水平、移植日雌二醇水平、移植优质胚胎数、移植胚胎数、移植日内膜厚度纳入二元(活产/无活产)Logistic回归分析,结果显示:移植日血清孕酮水平升高(OR=0.84,95%CI=0.73~0.97)、移植优质胚胎数增加(OR=0.71,95%CI=0.51~1.00)是活产结局的保护因素,年龄增长(OR=1.35,95%CI=1.05~1.75)、移植日血清雌二醇水平升高(OR=1.21,95%CI=1.04~1.42)是活产结局的危险因素。见表4。

表4 移植日血清雌二醇、孕酮水平及相关指标对妊娠结局的影响
Table4 The effects of serum estradiol levels on transplantation day,serum progesterone levels on transplantation day and other potential confounding variables on pregnancy outcomes

V a r i a b l e s i n t h e e q u a t i o n B P O R 9 5 % CI A g e ( y e a r ) 0 . 3 0 0 . 0 2 0 1 . 3 5 1 . 0 5 - 1 . 7 5 S e r u m e s t r a d i o l l e v e l s ( p g / m L ) 0 . 1 9 0 . 0 1 7 1 . 2 1 1 . 0 4 - 1 . 4 2 S e r u m p r o g e s t e r o n e l e v e l s ( n g / m L ) - 0 . 1 7 0 . 0 2 1 0 . 8 4 0 . 7 3 - 0 . 9 7 N u m b e r o f h i g h - q u a l i t y t r a n s fe r r e d e m b ry o s - 0 . 3 4 0 . 0 4 8 0 . 7 1 0 . 5 1 - 1 . 0 0

讨 论

一、NT-FET移植日血清孕酮水平对妊娠结局的影响探讨

子宫内膜孕酮水平及其代谢产物17α-羟孕酮水平与子宫内膜容受性呈正相关[10]。孕酮水平过低引起子宫内膜容受性下降,移植前给予适量黄体酮补充,有利于挽救活产结局。lvarez等[11]研究发现HRT-FET对移植前一日血清P<10.6 ng/mL补充黄体酮后移植日血清P>10.6 ng/mL组与移植前一日血清P>10.6 ng/mL组(未补充黄体酮)相比,活产率及临床妊娠率无显著差异。寻找能够允许胚胎植入的NT-FET移植日最低血清孕酮值是必要的。黄体中期血清P<10 ng/mL是黄体功能不全(luteal phase defect,LPD)的最佳临床诊断标准[12]。Gaggiotti-Marre等[13]根据LPD的诊断标准进行分组,通过前瞻性队列研究发现NT-FET移植前一日血清P<10 ng/mL与血清P>10 ng/mL相比活产率显著降低,得出能够允许胚胎植入的NT-FET移植前一日最低血清孕酮值为10 ng/mL。课题组认为即使采用自然周期,NT-FET仍与自然妊娠并不完全相同,不应采用LPD的诊断标准,应寻找一个新的截断值。在本研究中,与移植日血清孕酮16.4 ng/mL[14]研究发现在HRT-FET移植日血清P>10 ng/mL、移植后采用常规黄体支持组活产率仍显著高于移植日血清P<10 ng/mL、移植后采用加强黄体支持组。尽管如此,个性化的黄体支持方案仍然是值得提倡的。

少量研究发现移植日或孕早期的高血清孕酮水平同样不利于活产结局,但目前仍存在争议,与本研究结果不符。Kofinas等[7]研究发现HRT-FET移植日血清P>20 ng/mL组的活产率显著下降。Alyasin等[8]研究发现,HRT-FET移植日血清P>29 ng/mL活产率存在下降趋势,移植日血清P>49 ng/mL活产率显著下降。Yovich等[15]研究发现,HRT-FET黄体中期血清P>31.1 ng/mL胚胎着床率显著下降。本研究结果显示,随着孕酮水平的整体增高会提高活产率。虽然发现与移植日血清孕酮16.4 ng/mL21.6 ng/mL组的活产率有下降趋势,但没有统计学差异。NT-FET移植日血清孕酮水平是妊娠结局的影响因素,合适的孕酮水平使子宫内膜与胚胎同步发育,过低的孕酮水平引起的子宫内膜延时发育导致子宫内膜容受性下降,影响妊娠结局。

二、NT-FET移植日血清雌二醇水平对妊娠结局的影响探讨

雌激素通过激活雌激素受体α、β及G蛋白偶联受体,促进血管扩张剂一氧化氮、硫化氢的产生,维持足量的子宫动脉血流灌注[16]。子宫动脉血流灌注需要一定的雌二醇水平维持,但可能不是越高越好。最新的动物实验表明,在狒狒妊娠早期人为过早提高雌二醇水平会抑制子宫动脉螺旋重塑,而子宫动脉螺旋重塑对于促进动脉血流灌注至关重要[17]

此外,目前关于子宫内膜允许胚胎植入的雌二醇窗口也存在争议。Niu等[18]研究发现在HRT-FET中检测内膜转化日的雌二醇浓度没有临床意义,表明存在一个较宽范围的雌二醇窗口。Simón等[19]同样研究发现雌二醇窗口对胚胎的植入为允许作用,而非浓度依赖。不同的是,Ma等[20]研究发现子宫内膜容受性窗口在较低的雌激素水平下会长时间打开,但在较高的雌激素水平下会迅速关闭。在本研究中,与移植日血清E2≤100 pg/mL相比,E2>136 pg/mL活产率有下降趋势。NT-FET移植日血清雌二醇水平是妊娠结局的影响因素,合适范围内的雌二醇水平打开种植窗、保证足量的子宫动脉血流灌注。

三、本研究的局限性

首先,本研究样本量可能不足。能够允许胚胎植入的最低移植日血清雌二醇水平是确定存在的,但本研究按照四分位数进行分组,未找出此值;移植日血清孕酮、雌二醇水平四个亚组间的活产率整体比较均无统计学差异,与移植日血清孕酮、雌二醇水平在活产组和无活产组间差异存在统计学意义的结果相矛盾,这可能与分四个亚组后样本量不足有关。此外,受限于本中心目前无法开展胚胎植入前非整倍体基因检测,本研究无法保证移植的胚胎均为二倍体。

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Effect of serum estradiol and progesterone levels on transplantation day that are in natural cycle frozen embryo transfer on pregnancy outcomes

XU Shuning, ZHANG Ning, Jia Zhu.

250014 Jinan, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

AbstractObjective To discuss the effect of serum estradiol(E2) and progesterone(P) levels on transplantation day that are in natural cycle frozen embryo transfer(NT-FET) on pregnancy outcomes.MethodsA total of 503 NT-FET cycles from May 2019 to May 2021 in the reproductive center of the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were analyzed retrospectively. Based on the pregnancy outcomes, these cycles were divided into the live birth group(140 cycles)and no live birth group(363 cycles).The serum hormone levels on transplantation day and other relevant information were compared between the two groups. In addition, 503 cycles were divided into four subgroups according to the quartile of serum progesterone levels on transplantation day and the quartile of serum estradiol levels on transplantation day, respectively. The live birth rate and clinical pregnancy rate between the four groups and between the two groups were compared. The effects of serum estradiol and progesterone levels on transplantation day, and other related variables on the outcome of live birth were analyzed.ResultsThere was significant difference in serum estradiol levels, serum progesterone levels, number of transferred embryos, number of high-quality transferred embryos, female age, and intimal thickness between the live birth group and no live birth group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in body weight and body mass index(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in live birth rate and clinical pregnancy rate across the four subgroups of serum progesterone levels on transplantation day or the four subgroups of serum estradiol levels on transplantation day. Through the comparison between the two groups, the live birth rate of the 16.4 ng/mLP=0.008). The levels of serum progesterone on transplantation day(OR=0.84, 95%CI=0.73-0.97; P=0.021) and the number of high-quality embryos transferred(OR=0.71, 95%CI=0.51-1.00; P=0.048) were positive factors affecting the outcome of live birth; female age(OR=1.35, 95%CI=1.05-1.75; P=0.020) and serum estradiol levels on transplantation day(OR=1.21, 95%CI=1.04-1.42; P=0.017) were negative factors affecting the outcome of live birth.ConclusionThe levels of serum estradiol and progesterone on NT-FET transplantation day are the influencing factors of pregnancy outcome.

Key wordsfrozen embryo transfer; transplantation day; progesterone; estradiol; pregnancy outcome

作者单位:250014 济南,山东中医药大学中医学院(徐书凝);山东中医药大学第一临床医学院(贾珠);山东中医药大学附属医院生殖与遗传中心(张宁)

通信作者:张宁(ning_zhang1975@163.com)

【中图分类号】 R71;R17

(收稿日期:2022-09-02)