11 January 2026, Volume 37 Issue 1

    

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  Association study on air particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and physical development status of neonates

  YANG Zeping, ZHANG Ziyi, LI Tong, WANG Yiran, ZHANG Le, ZHANG Yali, LI zhiwen, YE Rongwei, LI Nan

  Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health. 2026, 37(1): 1-7.

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  Objective To examine the association between maternal exposure to airborne particulate matter during pregnancy and neonatal physical development status indicators and to evaluate the lag effects of particulate exposure to identify sensitive time windows. Methods This study included 14,148 mother-infant pairs from the Pregnancy Nutrition Intervention Program conducted in Hebei Province. Monthly average PM concentrations with a 1 km×1 km resolution were obtained from the China High Air Pollutants(CHAP) database. Exposure levels during first, second, and third trimesters, as well as the entire pregnancy period, were estimated using maternal residential addresses and gestational weeks. Neonatal physical development indicators were standardized as Z-scores by gestational age and sex according to Chinese reference standards. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations between PM exposure and neonatal physical development status. Distributed lag linear models were applied to assess the lag effects of exposure at different pregnancy stages and determine critical windows of susceptibility. Results For every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5-10 exposure during the entire pregnancy, the birth weight Z-score decreased by 0.03(95% CI:-0.04, -0.02), 0.03(95% CI:-0.04, -0.02), and 0.101(95% CI:-0.12, -0.08), respectively. Similar negative associations were found for birth length and head circumference, with the most significant effects observed for PM_2.5-10. Results from distributed lag linear models showed that early pregnancy and late pregnancy were critical windows for birth weight and length, while the sensitive window for head circumference was mainly in early pregnancy. Conclusion Maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy is significantly associated with reduced neonatal physical development status, and the effect of PM_2.5-10 was the most prominent. Early and late pregnancy are critical windows for neonatal physical development affected by PM exposure. These findings provide important evidence to inform air pollution control and maternal health interventions.
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  Characteristics of neuropsychological development of children aged 0-2 years and its association with birth weight

  DING Yingfang, LIU Yang, DENG Xiao, ZHOU Shiqing, XIAO Linyan, LI Hongtian

  Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health. 2026, 37(1): 8-14.

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  Objective To describe the characteristics of neuropsychological development of children aged 0-2 years and analyze the association between birth weight and neuropsychological development of children. Methods The study data were the assessment records of Gesell Developmental Schedule(GDS) and related birth and delivery information of children aged 0-2 years who received physical examination in Liuyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital from 2018 to 2024. The five dimensions of GDS include gross motor, fine motor, adaptability, language, personal-social behavior as well as a comprehensive assessment. The assessment results were expressed by developmental quotient(DQ), which were divided into normal, borderline and abnormal by DQ from high to low. The abnormal results were subdivided into mild, moderate, severe, and profound abnormalities. Generalized estimation equations(GEE) and quantile regression models were used to evaluate the association between birth weight and neuropsychological development of children after adjusting for potential confounders. In order to exclude the influence of autocorrelation of multiple assessment results about neuropsychological development characteristics of the same child, sensitivity analysis was conducted by randomly keeping only one of the results among children who received multiple assessments. Results A total of 29 053 assessments from 19 027 children were included in the study. The overall neuropsychological development was normal in 17 872(61.5%), borderline in 8 691(29.9%), mild abnormal in 2 180(7.5%), moderate abnormal in 228(0.8%), and severe or profound abnormal in 82(0.3%) assessments, respectively. The GEE showed that compared with normal birth weight children, low birth weight children had a significant increase in the risk of overall abnormal neuropsychological development(OR=3.47, 95% CI:2.98-4.04), and the risk of abnormal development was significantly increased in all 5 domains(OR range:2.55-4.01). Macrosomia was a protective factor for abnormal fine motor development(OR=0.69, 95% CI:0.51-0.92), but not significantly associated with the overall abnormal development(OR=0.77, 95% CI:0.55-1.07) or those of the other 4 domains(OR range:0.77-0.97). Quantile regression showed a positive association between birth weight and overall DQ, and birth weight had a greater effect on the lower percentile of overall DQ. With every 1 kg increase in birth weight, the 80th percentile of overall DQ increased by 1.7, while the 20th percentile of overall DQ increased by 3.2. There was also a similar association between birth weight and DQ of all 5 domains. The result of sensitivity analysis was basically consistent with that of the main analysis. Conclusion Birth weight is positively associated with neuropsychological development of children aged 0-2 years. Low birth weight is a risk factor for abnormal neuropsychological development, and the lower the development level the stronger the negative effect of low birth weight.
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  Construction of risk identification model for stress urinary incontinence among perimenopausal women

  GONG Ping, BAI Wenpei, WANG Haitao, ZHANG Jingfei, WANG Zijun

  Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health. 2026, 37(1): 15-19.

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  Objective To explore the risk of patients with perimenopausal stress urinary incontinence(SUI) and construct a risk recognition model. Methods A total of 82 perimenopausal patients with stress incontinence admitted to the hospital from December 2020 to April 2024 were selected as the observation group, and 82 perimenopausal patients without SUI were selected as the control group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for SUI in perimenopause. The risk identification model of SUI was constructed according to the influencing factors. Receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to verify the differentiation and fit of the model. Results Age ≥50 years old, body mass index≥25 kg/m², vaginal delivery, atrophic vaginitis, constipation, pelvic organ prolapse and urinary tract infection in observation group were higher than those in control group(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that constipation, pelvic organ prolapse, urinary tract infection history, vaginal delivery and body mass index≥25 kg/m² were independent risk factors for SUI in perimenopausal patients(P<0.05). A nomogram model was constructed based on risk factors. The total score ranged from 125 to 350, corresponding to a risk range of 0.1 to 0.9 The higher the score, the higher the risk of SUI in perimenopausal patients. The ROC curve was drawn by the nomogram model. The results showed that the area under the curve(AUC) of the model for predicting SUI was 0.905(95%CI:0.854~0.942), the sensitivity sensitivity was 92.68%, the specificity was 83.22%, and the Yodon index was 0.759. Calibration curve showed that the calibration curve of the prediction model was close to the actual curve(Hosmer-Lemeshow χ²=0.931, P=0.267). Conclusion constipation, pelvic organ prolapse, urinary tract infection history, vaginal delivery, and body mass index≥25 kg/m² were associated with an increased risk of SUI in perimenopausal patients. The nomogram model built based on the above factors had good differentiation and accuracy.
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  The differential diagnostic value of preoperative serum markers combined with ultrasound characteristics in 224 cases of borderline ovarian tumors and epithelial ovarian cancer

  JIA Xiaoyao, XIE Fu, ZHANG Sanyuan

  Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health. 2026, 37(1): 20-28.

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  Objective To evaluate the differences in preoperative serummarkers of inflammation, coagulation, tumor biomarkers and ultrasound characteristics between borderline ovarian tumors(BOT) and epithelial ovarian cancer(EOC), and to explore the diagnostic value of combining preoperative serum markers with ultrasound characteristics in the differential diagnosis of BOT and EOC. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted among 224 patients who underwent surgery in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from August 2018 to December 2023 and were pathologically confirmed(112 cases in BOT group, 112 cases in EOC group). The differences in preoperative serum markers and ultrasonic features between the two groups were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent factors for differentiating BOT from EOC. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were plotted to assess the ability of preoperative serum markers and/or ultrasonic features to differentiate BOT from EOC. Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of papillary projections, septations, blood flow signals on ultrasonic features, and serum markers including platelets(Plt), lymphocytes(L), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio(MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index(SII), fibrinogen(Fib), and ROMA were independent factors for preoperative differentiation between BOT and EOC(P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis indicated that the combination of ROMA + SII + Fib + MLR + Plt + L had the highest area under the curve(AUC) and the highest specificity and positive predictive value(PPV) in the combined serum marker differentiation. The combination of all the above independent factors along with ultrasonic features yielded the highest AUC of 0.930 for the combined differentiation, with the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value(NPV), both exceeding 90%. The combination of ROMA + SII + Fib + MLR + Plt + L + presence of blood flow signals + presence of septations balanced sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV well, all at 85.7%. Conclusion Significant differences in preoperative serum markers and ultrasonic features exist between BOT and EOC. The combination of preoperative serum markers ROMA, SII, Fib, MLR, Plt, L, and ultrasonic features such as the presence of papillary projections, septations, and blood flow signals can be used for the preoperative differentiation of BOT and EOC with good diagnostic efficacy, which may provide a reference for preoperative clinical diagnosis.
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  Impact of circadian rhythm disorder on hormones and ovarian morphology in a PCOS rat modelaccording to the “balance between Yin and Yang”theory

  CHEN Yan, WANG Shuai, ZONG Hui, LI Xiaoye, HAN Zhulin, SHANG Wenxia, ZHANG Dingyan

  Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health. 2026, 37(1): 29-35.

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  Objective Based on the “Balance Between Yin and Yang” theory, this study investigated the effects and mechanisms of circadian rhythm disruption on hormone levels and ovarian morphology in a rat model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome(PCOS). Methods SD rats were used to establish a polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) model through the injection of dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA). The general condition and body weight of the rats were observed, and vaginal smears were taken from day 12 of modeling to observe the estrous cycle. After modeling, ELISA was performed to measure serum levels of luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), estradiol(E2), and total testosterone(T). A total of 30 PCOS model rats were successfully prepared and randomly divided into three groups:PCOS model group, PCOS+ prolonged light exposure group, and PCOS+continuous light exposure group, with ten rats in each group. Additionally, a control group of ten rats with normal sleep schedules were also set. After light treatment, blood samples were collected by decapitation for analysis, and ovarian tissues were collected to measure relative ovarian mass. HE staining was used to observe the morphology of ovarian tissue and the number of antral follicles and cystic follicles. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe ultrastructural changes in ovarian tissue. Western blotting detected changes in bone morphogenetic protein(BMP), Smad4, Smad1/5/9 protein expression levels. Results The PCOS model in rats exhibited irregular estrous cycles, indicating successful preparation of the PCOS rat model. Compared to the PCOS group, the rats in the PCOS+PL group and PCOS+cCL group showed reduced body weight and ovarian coefficient, aggravated ovarian tissue morphology with increased numbers of antral follicles and cystic follicles, significantly increased levels of LH, E2, and T hormones in serum. In contrast, FSH hormone level was significantly decreased. Additionally, protein expression of BMP6, Smad4, and Smad1/5/9 was downregulated. The longer the light exposure, the more severe of PCOS symptoms. Conclusion Disruption of circadian rhythm exacerbates abnormal hormone levels and ovarian cystic changes in PCOS model rats, accelerating the occurrence and development of PCOS by downregulating the BMP/Smad signaling pathway.